BOJONEGORO PRODUCTS

BOJONEGORO PRODUCTS Bojonegoro is one of East Java regency that famous with its own products. Many people want to visit Bojonegoro because it has special food called "Ledre" and its special fruit called "Salak Wedi". Ledre Ledre is kind of snack, typical of Bojonegoro. It formed gapit ( like rolled chips emping) with sweet plantain aroma. The nice one is banana taste. It is special snack from Bojonegoro that made of sugar, flour, and banana. The snack has rolled, so that it looks like a stick. Ledre with banana taste has become the favorite snack of the most visitors. It's feel not complete if visit Bojonegoro without buy some Ledre. Salak Wedi (Salacca Zalacca Fruit) Salak Wedi taste is beloved, delicious and fresh. Those trees can be met in every lawn of resident house in Wedi village and its surroundings. The difference of Salak Wedi compared with other Salak, such as; Salak Pondoh, is its water content that make Salak Wedi fresher. This Salacca Zalacca fruit called Salak Wedi, because the skin looks like sand and the fruit is smaller then the other Salak. Salak Wedi comes from Javanese language, means Salacca Zalacca fruit looks like sand (Wedi = Sand, Javanese language).http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/products.html

FURNITURE & HANDICRAFT

FURNITURE & HANDICRAFT

Furniture & Handicraft Beside its food and tourism object, Bojonegoro also famous with its furniture and handicraft products. Bojonegro also known as one of teak wood producer in Java island, because Bojonegoro has big and wide teak forest. So, it is not surprise if this regency has many furniture and handicraft industry that made of teak wood.

Antique Furniture
One of furniture industry in Bojonegoro is Antique Furniture. This is the famous furniture industry in Bojonegoro that produces many kind of indoor and outdoor furniture. It made of high quality of Teak wood and made by professional craftsmen. It called antique furniture because it has unique and antique form with various design of furniture. You can try to visit Bojonegoro and get this original Teak wood furniture.

Handicraft
The other Bojonegoro products is handicraft. The center of this handicraft is located in Kasiman district, Bojonegoro. You can find many handicraft that made of teak wood, coconut tree, coconut shell, and the other material. Those handicraft products is made by professional craftsmen with various design and crafting, such as; wooden lamp, wall decoration, vas, miniature, etc. The visitors usually visit Bojonegoro and buy those handicrafts for souvenir.

Terracotta
Bojonegoro really rich of handicrafts. The unique one is terracotta handicraft that made from mud. The handicraft is formed in animals form and painted with unique design. Those terracotta products can be use as house decoration or as a gift for your friend or family. The unique form and design of this terracotta products has attract many visitors to buy it. So that, there are many buyers from many area of Indonesia are come to Bojonegoro just want to buy this product.http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/furniture_handicraft.html

BOJONEGORO TOURISM

Bojonegoro regency is rich of tourism objects and culture tour. Most of the population of Bojonegoro regency is work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile. The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of Bengawan Solo River.

There are some communities that live in Bojonegoro regency. One of distinctive communities in Bojonegoro is ‘Samin People’. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people. However, they follow a unique communalism movement. Currently, the Samin people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro regency, in the middle of its teak forest.

Beside that, Bojonegoro is also known for its traditional culture. There some traditional culture of Bojonegoro regency that popular in domestic and foreign tourists.

Tayub
Tayub is companionship dance that very popular in Bojonegoro people and around it. This dance usually done by men and accompanied with Gamelan instrument and Javanese songs that sang by ‘Waranggono’. The lyric is usually filled of an advice or instruction. This dance show is common used to fill an event that held by Bojonegoro people or the other traditional event. Commonly, in doing the event, this Tayub dance are has coordinate in a certain group with its each name. Usually, this Tayub dance groups are located in Temayang district and Bubulan district that located about 30 km of Bojonegoro city.

Wayang Thengul (Thengul Puppet)
Thengul Puppet is Bojonegoro typical puppet in 3 dimension form and accompanied by the Javanese instrument (Gamelan) named Pelog / Slendro. Even though, this Thengul Puppet are seldom to show, but its existence is always take carefull in Bojonegoro regency, especially in Kanor district that about 40 km of Bojonegoro city. Otherwise, the story of this puppet is taking from ‘Menak’ story.

Bojonegoro regency is also rich for the crafting. Souvenir crafting of Rendeng village, Malo district, about 25 km of Bojonegoro city, is very famous to the tourists. To reach the location, it can reach with two-wheel vehicle or four-wheel vehicle. The crafting are saving box formed tiger, cow, rabbit, etc. While the statue crafting that located in Banaran village, Malo district such as; cow statue, deer statue, rabbit statue, etc.http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/

Bojonegoro

Bojonegoro
—  Regency  —
Motto: Bojonegoro Bangkit (Rise Bojonegoro)
Coordinates: 7°09′S 111°52′E / 7.15°S 111.867°E / -7.15; 111.867Coordinates: 7°09′S 111°52′E / 7.15°S 111.867°E / -7.15; 111.867
Country	Indonesia
Province	East Java
Capital	Bojonegoro town
Government
- Regent	Drs. H. Suyoto, Msi
Area
- Total	934 km2 (360.6 sq mi)
Elevation	14 m (46 ft)
Population (2000)
- Total	1,156,652
- Density	1,238.4/km2 (3,207.4/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+7
Website	www.bojonegorokab.go.id

BOJONEGORO

Bojonegoro (older spelling Bodjanegara) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia, about 110 km west of Surabaya. Bojonegoro is located in the inland part of northern Java plain, on the banks of the Bengawan Solo river, the largest river in Java.

Previously known as a major producer of teak and tobacco, Bojonegoro is currently becoming the focus of attention in Indonesia as a new oil field has been found in this area. This oil find in Bojonegoro is the biggest oil discovery in Indonesia in three decades[1] and one of the biggest reserve in Indonesia.[2]

Geography
Bengawan Solo River in Bojonegoro

Across the eastern border of Bojonegoro is the Lamongan Regency, to the north is Tuban while to the south is Ngawi, Madiun, Nganjuk and Jombang. Blora is located to the west, in Central Java.

Bojonegoro occupies an area of 934 km². Much of it consists of low plains along the river Bengawan Solo, with hilly areas in sothern part of the Regency. As with most of Java, the Bojonegoro landscape is dominated with rice paddy fields. In the Bojonegoro area, the Bengawan Solo river changes its course from northward to eastward.

Climate in Bojonegoro is tropical with six months of rainy and dry seasons. Seasonal conditions are often very contrasting. In the rainy season, rain will fall almost daily while in dry season, rain will not come for months, causing widespread drought and water shortages.[3] This problems have been compounded with the lost of forest and other green areas. Teak forest was once covering much of Bojonegoro but has since considerably reduced due to over exploitation.

Flood in rainy season of 2007 recently is much bigger than in previous years. Bengawan Solo river's water level is rise due to heavy rain, especially in upper valley in Central Java, forcing Gajahmungkur dam there to be opened. The resulting flood make 15 district submerged, with water as high as 1.5 m, and displacing 2,715 families. A further 2.544 ha rice fields is damaged. But fortunately no casualties are reported. [4]
[edit] History
Bojonegoro mosque

The area near the Solo River is very fertile and has been settled since early history by the Javanese. However, these settlements never developed into a major urban center, except for several coastal cities. Rather, villages are dependent on a weekly market which rotates among them and bakul (traveling peddlers) who collect and distribute agricultural and manufactured products among the villages.

The Bengawan Solo river played a major role in the development of these settlement. It acted as source of water and fertile soil, and a means of transportation. A set of copper plates of the Ferry Charter (1358 C.E.) lists over twenty ferry crossing on the lower stretch of the Bengawan Solo river, downstream from Bojonegoro. Inland settlement like this would trade agricultural products via trading centre in coastal cities, like neighbouring Tuban, for spices from Spice Islands, ceramics from China and other commodities.[5]

The authority over these settlements, including the territory of modern-day Bojonegoro, was held by the dominant power in central Java, and later east Java, the kingdoms of Mataram, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit.

As a territory in northern Java, the area of modern-day Bojonegoro was one of the first to accept Islam. The Bengawan Solo river area and most of Java would became part of the Sultanate of Demak and its successor the Sultanate of Mataram.

The modern regency (kabupaten) was founded on October 20, 1677 with Mas Toemapel as the first Regent (Bupati), with capital in Jipang village (currently around Padangan subdistrict in the western most part of Bojonegoro). It was founded as a response to the loss of Mataram's coastal area to the Dutch East India Company. Bojonegoro than became important border town. In 1725 the capital was moved to its current location.
Map of Bojonegoro town, East Java, Indonesia. Circa 1950

After Dutch complete takeover of Java in the 18th and 19th centuries, Bojonegoro and the neighbouring regencies of Tuban and Lamongan were administered under Bojonegoro Residency, with a Dutch Resident in Bojonegoro town. The resident acted as an advisor and supervisor to the regents, positions which were held by native Javanese nobility (priyayi).

During Dutch rule, tobacco and maize was introduced from the Americas, which would later became major commodities in Bojonegoro.

In 1894, the trans-Java railroad, which linked Batavia and Surabaya and passed through Bojonegoro, was finished, increasing transportation and improving the teak industry. Urbanisation also progressed under Dutch rule.

Since the Indonesian National Revolution, Bojonegoro regency is administered as part of East Java province, with RMT Suryo, the grandson of the former Bojonegoro regent as its first governor. in 1968 the first non-nobility Regent was elected. The current regent is Santoso, a former army officer. In 2008, Bojonegoro people will elect its first directly-elected Regent, following an amendment in the constitution.
[edit] Demography and culture
Hok Shwie Bio Confucian Temple

Bojonegoro regency has a population of 1,156,652 people (As of 2000[update] census). Most are ethnic Javanese, with sizable minority of etnic Chinese, Balinese and other Indonesian ethnic groups. Most Javanese are Muslim, with small number belonging to various sects of Christianity. Ethnic Chinese follow various religions, often with an aspect of syncretism with traditional Chinese culture.

Most of the population work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile.

The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of Bengawan Solo river.
[edit] Samin people

One of distinctive communuities in Bojonegoro is Samin people. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people; however, they follow a unique communalism movement. Samin people are follower of Surosentiko Samin, a local farmer who preached pacifist resistance to Dutch colonial rule in the 1890s.[6] Samin was incited by acquisition of local teak forest by Dutch colonial authority. Dutch officials refused access to the forest for local people, as it was claimed as Dutch property. Rather than rising in a violent uprising, Samin taught peaceful resistance, such as refusing to pay taxes to the colonial authority, and continuing to take teak from the forest as they had for generations.[7]

Samin people are nominally Muslim, but don't practice many Islamic rituals, such as fasting or regular prayer. Rather, they emphasize the spiritual aspect, as well as honesty, modesty and simplicity.[8] In this, they are similar to Kejawen followers.

Currently Samin people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro, in the hearts of its teak forest. Samin people are also found in Blora Regency, Central Java, across the river Solo.
[edit] Sports

Football (soccer) and badminton are the most popular sports in Bojonegoro. The regency football team, Persibo Bojonegoro, is currently playing in the Premiere Division of Liga Indonesia. Their home stadium is Sudirman Stadium, Bojonegoro.[9] They were promoted from the First Division after winning it in 2007.

Badminton was either introduced by Dutch colonists or, more likely, by etnic Chinese. Ethnic Chinese in Sumatra introduced badminton from Malaya by inviting Chinese players in early 1930s. In the mid-1930s, a player from Batavia, Oei Kok Tjoan, visited cities in East Java on a number of occasions, raising the popularity of badminton. The game began to penetrate the small towns such as Tuban, Bojonegoro, Malang, and Jember, and became one of the most popular sports in Java.[10]

However, the sport with the highest achievement in Bojonegoro is archery. Two of its archers, Puspitasari Rina Dewi[11] and I Gusti Nyoman Puruhito Praditya[11] have competing for many national and international archery competitions, including the 2004 Summer Olympics. As of October 2006, Puspitasari Rina Dewi is ranked 39th in the Recurve Women category with 59.95 points[12] Meanwhile Praditya is ranked 52 in the Compound Man category with 41.2 points.[13] Other Bojonegoro archers have also dominated national archery championships.
[edit] Economy
[edit] Agriculture

Agriculture has been the regency's main product. The Bengawan Solo river provides fertile farming area for rice. The main crops are rice and tobacco, as well as maize. In 1984, the area of maize harvested reached 67,056 hectares with yields ranging from 1 to 1.28 t/ha.[14] A typical farmer grows rice in the rainy season, when water is abundant, and tobacco or maize in dry season. There is high risk in agriculture because of seasonal uncertainty. Rice growing will fail if the rainy season ends before its time, and tobacco growing will fail if rain comes early.

Bojonegoro is one of the biggest producers of tobacco in Indonesia, with total value of Rp 1,2 trillion (around US$100 million) and employing 57 percent of workforce.[15] The majority of tobacco planted is Virginia varieties. However, Bojonegoro tobacco suffers from a high proportion of Cl,[16] and uncertain rainfall. Most tobacco is used to make clove cigarettes (kretek).
[edit] Forestry

Bojonegoro is also famous for its hardwood tree (teak) production. There is an annual Bojonegoro Teak Fair in late January to early February where local craftsmen display their products. Teak is high quality wood which strong and durable. Teak is mainly used in shipbuilding and furniture making. Teak forestry forms an inseparable part of life for many Bojonegoro residents. A teak cutter is called blandong in the local dialect.

However, teak forestry has faced a major problem in illegal logging, as with other parts of Indonesia. In 2001 alone, the area looted covered 3,000 ha; looters stole an estimated 27,000 trees. The regional police reported impounding 550 large trucks of stolen timber, approximately 2,000 m³, with an estimated local market value of total of US $1,000,000. Several riots has happened when tension arise from teak claims and when police tried to enforce the law on local thieves.

These riots were the worst during the period of turmoil between president Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri in 2001. However, after that situation calmed, enforcement became better, but illegal logging is still a significant problem, with police and bureaucratic officials often accused of cooperating with timber thieves.
[edit] Petroleum

The recent discovery of oil and gas fields in the area is providing new economic opportunities.

The oil/gas fields are found in several locations, including Banyu Urip, Alas Dara, Alas Tua West, Alas Tua East, Jambaran, Cendana (ExxonMobil 45%, Pertamina 45%, local companies 10%) - under Joint Operating Agreement) and Sukowati (Operated under Joint Operating Body - Petrochina Pertamina East Java).

The Banyu Urip oil and gas field has provenoil reserves of over 250 million barrels, with peak production of about 165,000 barrels per day, accounting for 20 percent of the present national crude oil production.[17]

The main exploration started officially when a cooperative contract signed on September 17, 2005 with Mobil Cepu Ltd., a subsidiary of ExxonMobil as main operator. A Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between state oil company Pertamina was signed in March 2006. Pertamina and ExxonMobil concluded 30-year production-sharing contract in which each company would share 45 percent interest in the block. The remaining 10 percent would go to the local governments.[18] Foreign companies, mainly from China, have started to invest in Bojonegoro in various projects related with the planned exploration and exploitation of the Cepu Block oil fields with total value of US$8 million.[19] According to the former minister and ambassador to the United States, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti, Tuban and Bojonegoro would resemble Texas, because of its gas and oil resources.[20]

Communities in Bojonegoro has benefited from community development projects by foreign companies like ExxonMobil, which have built houses of worship, schools, community health centers, and infrastructure.[21] However, oil production is becoming a source of controversy.

A number of Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPD) members grouped in the People's Front for the Salvation of the Cepu Block (GRPBC) have called for the cancellation of the Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between the government and ExxonMobil on the Cepu Block oil fields. They demand it to be cancelled because the agreement had been signed "in an atmosphere rife with suspected corruption, collusion and nepotism, and on the basis of a public lie" and will make the Indonesian government lose US$1.32 billion of revenue. [22] And Now, New Bojonegoro Leader (Bupati Bojonegoro) are waiting for new re-agreement with ExxonMobil to avoid corruption, collusion and nepotism.

Oil exploration and production activity has also caused several accidents. On August 31, 2006, a gas leak in Sukowati-5 oil well (Operated by JOB Pertamina Petrochina East Java) released hydrogen sulfide gas to residential areas. At least 16 villagers had to be treated for suffocation because of the gas inhalation.[23]

The environmental effects of the oil industry have become a concern of Bojonegoro residents. Some villagers claimed the presence of the oil well has not caused any improvement of the local economy and the village. Since the exploration of the Sukowati oil well in an area measuring five hectares in July 2005, the village's land has become drier and harvest significantly reduced.[24] There is also concern that income distribution inequality could cause social unrest, when compounded with the Indonesian notorious reputation of corruption.
[edit] References

Thousands flee Bojonegoro floods, one dies

Friday, February 27, 2009 13:39 WIB | National | | Viewed 485 time(s)

Bojonegoro, East Java (ANTARA News) - Floods caused by the the overflowing of the Bengawan Solo river have driven thousands of Bojonegoro residents from their homes, and was believed to have claimed one live.

One dead body was found by a passerby on a flooded road at Simbatan village, Kanor sub distrct, Kanor Police Chief Adjunct Commissioner Susilo, said here on Friday.

The victim was identified as Sabin (80), a resident of Prigi village, Kanor. Sabin was believed to have been swept away by floodwaters.
Meanwhile, around 1,200 people from two villages at Dander sub district, have fled to safer areas, according to Bambang Sutrisno, Dander sub district head.

The flood victims decided to take refuge as the water level of Bengawan Solo floods continued to rise. Thousands of houses were submerged by floodwaters reaching a height of between 1 and 1.5 meter.

The evacuation started on Thursday by using two rubber boats, Sutrisno said.

"Today, the evacuation of the flood victims continues," he said.

They were accommodated in emergency tents set up along Bengawan Solo embankment and Bojonegoro-Padangan roadside, he said.

Residents of Kalitidu sub district, which was among the worst flood-affected area, have also fled their home to higher ground.

One rubber boat was prepared to evacuate the flood victims, Nurul Azizah, Kalitidu sub district head, said.

The floods affected 100 villages including Sukorejo, Ngroworejo, and Karangpacar, at 14 sub districts in Bojonegoro District.

Some 23 elementary school buildings and one junior high school building were also flooded, preventing around 4,000 students from going to school.

Some villages at Parengan sub district, Tuban District, East Java, were also inundated, he said.

Roads connecting Bojonegoro and Jatirogo, Tuban, were submerged by the floodwaters reaching a height of an adult`s knee.
(*)

Benchmark (surveying)

Benchmark (surveying)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

An Ordnance Survey cut mark in the UK

This article is about the use of bench marks in surveying, for other uses see Benchmark.

The term benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle-iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately repositioned in the same place in future. These marks were usually indicated with a chiseled arrow below the horizontal line.

The height of a benchmark is calculated relative to the heights of nearby benchmarks in a network extending from a fundamental benchmark, a point with a precisely known relationship to the level datum of the area, typically mean sea level. The position and height of each benchmark is shown on large-scale maps.

The terms "height" and "elevation" are often used interchangeably, but in many jurisdictions they have specific meanings; "height" commonly refers to a local or relative difference in the vertical (such as the height of a building), whereas "elevation" refers to the difference from a nominated reference surface (such as sea-level, or a mathematical/geodetic concept known as the geoid).
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Other types of survey marks
* 2 Agencies responsible for benchmarks
* 3 Image gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 External links

[edit] Other types of survey marks
An Ordnance Survey flush bracket

Triangulation points, also known as trig points, are marks with a precisely established horizontal position. These points may be marked by disks similar to benchmark disks, but set horizontally, and are also sometimes used as elevation benchmarks. Prominent features on buildings such as the tip of a church spire or a chimney stack are also used as reference points for triangulation. In the United Kingdom, triangulation points are often set in large concrete markers, which as well as functioning as a triangulation point, have a benchmark set into the side. With the increasing use of GPS and electronic distance measuring devices, the same techniques and equipment are used to fix the horizontal and vertical position of a survey marker at the same moment, and therefore the marks are usually regarded as "fixed in three dimensions".
[edit] Agencies responsible for benchmarks

Benchmarks are typically placed ("monumented") by a government agency or private survey firm, and many governments maintain a register of these marks so that the records are available to all. These records are usually in the form of a geographically searchable database (computer or map-based), with links to sketches, diagrams, photos of the marks, and any other technical details. END.

Government agencies that place and maintain records of benchmarks include:

* Canada
o Natural Resources Canada Geodetic Survey Division (History of the Geodetic Survey Division)
* France
o Institut Géographique National (IGN on Wiki FR)
* Italy
o Istituto Geografico Militare - Servizio Geodetico
* Japan
o Geographical Survey Institute (GSI)
* New Zealand
o Land Information New Zealand
* Spain
o Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN)
* United Kingdom
o Ordnance Survey
* United States
o The National Geodetic Survey (NGS; formerly U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey)
o The United States Geological Survey (USGS)
o The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

New Sembayat Barrage Sudah Disetujui Menteri PU

LAMONGAN - Rencana pembangunan Bendung Gerak Sembayat atau New Sembayat Barrage ternyata sudah mendapat lampu hijau dari Departemen Pekerjaan Umum (PU) untuk dibangun. Kepastian itu kemarin (Selasa, 30/03) disampaikan Menteri PU Djoko Kirmanto saat melakukan kunjungan di Bendung Gerak Babat atau Babat Barrage di Kecamatan Babat/ Lamongan.

Selain meninjau Babat Barrage, Djoko Kirmanto sebelumnya juga melihat kondisi Flood Way Pelangwot di Kecamatan Laren. Dalam kunjungannya tersebut dia ditemani Dirjen Penataan Ruang Departemen PU Imam S Ernawi dan Kepala Balai Besar Wilyah Sungai Bengawan Solo (BBWSBS) Graita Sutadi. Sementara Bupati Lamongan Masfuk bersama sejumlah Kepala Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) terlihat menyambut kunjungan Djoko Kirmanto saat di Babat Barrage.

“Berdasar kajian di Departemen PU, kami menganggap bahwa New Sembayat Barrage ini penting, sehingga harus dibangun. Saat ini rencana pembangunan New Sembayat Barrage telah dirancang untuk masuk Blue Book dari Bappenas. Untuk kemudian jika sudah disetuju akan dicarikan sumber pendanaannya dari bantuan luar negeri, “ ungkap Djoko Kirmanto sambil menyebut pembangunan New Sembayat nantinya diestimasi akan menelan anggaran sekitar Rp 800 miliar.

Disampaikannya, setelah Babat Barrage selesai dibangun 2004 lalu, intrusi laut bisa dicegah di wilayah up stream seperti Bojonegoro. Sementara solusi untuk mencegah intrusi di wilayah down stream seperti Lamongan nantinya bisa teratasi dengan New Sembayat Barrage.

Djoko menyebutkan kunjungannya ke Lamongan juga untuk melihat selesainya proses pengerukan Lumpur di Flood Way Pelangwot dan mulai dibangunnya Rawa Jabung Ring Daek. “Sekitar 1,4 juta kubik endapan lumpur sudah diangkat dari Flood Way Pelangwot. Sehingga sekarang ada pengurangan potensi banjir. Terbukti banjir yang terjadi di Bojonegoro tahun ini tidak berlangsung lama karena air Sungai Bengawan Solo cepat dibuang ke laut melalui sudetan Pelangwot, “ ujarnya.

Dia kemudian mengungkapkan sejumlah proyek di sepanjang Sungai Bengawan Solo yang kini mulai dikerjakan. Seperti pembangunan Bojonegoro Barrage yang sudah on going dan pembangunan Rawa Jabung Ring Daek yang akan segera dimulai. Termasuk diantaranya pembangunan Tanggul Kanor/Bojonegoro. Pemkab Lamongan sendiri telah menyelesaikan proses pembebasan lahan untuk proyek Rawa Jabung sekityar 30 hektar. “Dengan dikerjakannya sejumlah bangunan ini banjir akan berkurang dan lebih bisa dikendalikan, “ kata dia.

Masfuk kepada Djoko Kirmanto menyatakan bahwa jatah Lamongan untuk membebaskan lahan seluas 10 hektar guna pembangunan New Sembayat Barrage sudah dimulai. Sedangkan sisanya sekitar 64 hekter menjadi jatah Pemkab Gresik untuk dibebaskan. “Jika New Sembayat Barrage ini terealisasi akan tersedia tandon air sepanjang sekitar 67 kilometer. Sehingga petani Lamongan yang produksi padinya tertinggi di Jatim nanti bisa panen hinga tiga kali setahun. Bukan hanya itu, kebutuhan air untuk industri baik di Gresik maupun Lamongan akan tercukupi dari tandon air Sungai Bengawan Solo, “ urai dia kepada Djoko Kirmanto.(ahp)http://lamongan-news.blogspot.com

Benchmark

Benchmark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Look up benchmark in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The term benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made, into which an angle-iron could be placed to bracket ("bench") a leveling rod, thus ensuring that the levelling rod can be repositioned in exactly the same place in the future.[citation needed]

Benchmark may refer to:
[edit] Geology

* Benchmark (surveying), a point of reference for a measurement
* Benchmark (crude oil), a reference for and discussion of cost and/or pricing of petroleum, such as Brent Crude and West Texas Intermediate in terms of benchmarks based on classification differences.
* Benchmarking (geolocating), a sport similar to geocaching in which participants individually go out and find benchmarks

[edit] Other uses

* Benchmark (computing), the result of running a computer program, or a set of programs, in order to assess the relative performance of an object by running a number of standard tests and trials against it
* Benchmarking, the process used in management in which organizations evaluate various aspects of their processes in relation to the best practice, usually within their own sector
* Benchmark Capital, a venture capital firm behind various startups, such as (and including) eBay.

surveying equipment

product sokkia

Optimal Barrage Design based on Subsurface Flow Considerations

J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg. Volume 128, Issue 4, pp. 253-263 (July/August 2002)

A barrage, a structure across a river to divert flow into a man-made channel, is designed to satisfy surface and subsurface flow considerations. There is, however, no procedure to fix the basic barrage parameters, which are depth of sheet piles/cutoffs and the length and thickness of floor, in a cost-effective manner. A method for minimizing the cost of a barrage using an optimization technique is presented in this paper. The applicability of the approach has been illustrated with two examples indicating it's suitability to evolve a cost-effective design. A parametric analysis has also been carried out to gain insight into the effects of various parameters on the optimal design barrage.

©2002 American Society of Civil Engineers

Survey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Quantitative research

* Statistical survey, a method for collecting quantitative information about items in a population
* Paid survey, a method for companies to collect consumer opinions about a product by offering them money as rewards

[edit] Geography

* Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth
* Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography
* Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
* Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
* Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels
* Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System

[edit] Earth Sciences

* Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model
* Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
* Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area
* Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
* Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey

[edit] Construction and Mining

* Construction surveying Locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines and tunnels
* Deviation survey, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical

[edit] Archaeology

* Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation

[edit] Astronomy

* Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
* Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy
* Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth

[edit] Academia

* Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research

[edit] Organizations

* The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories
* The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
* The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India
* The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass
* The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain
* The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom
* The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States
* The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce

Barrage (artillery)

Barrage (artillery)
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A German barrage falling on Allied trenches at Ypres, probably during the second battle in 1915.

A barrage is a line or barrier of exploding artillery shells, created by the co-ordinated aiming of a large number of guns firing continuously. Its purpose is to deny or hamper enemy passage through the line of the barrage, to attack a linear position such as a line of trenches or (as a creeping or rolling barrage) to neutralize the enemy in the path of an advance by friendly troops. It contrasts with a concentration, in which all the guns aim at the same small area.

The barrage was developed in World War I, and by late 1916 the creeping barrage was the standard means of deploying artillery to support an infantry attack, with the infantry following the advancing barrage as closely as possible. Its employment in this way recognised the importance of artillery fire in neutralising, rather than destroying, the enemy. It was found that a creeping barrage immediately followed by the infantry assault could be far more effective than weeks of preliminary bombardment.

Barrages remained in use in World War II and later, but only as one of a variety of artillery tactics made possible by improvements in predicted fire, target location and communications.Development of the creeping barrage

The barrage was developed during World War I. Until 1914-15, artillery usually fired over open sights at visible targets, and the largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the regiment or brigade, of up to about 25 guns. Trench warfare led to a necessity for indirect firing through the use of observers, more sophisticated artillery fire plans and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery. Gunners had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns. Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was co-ordinated with others to form a pattern; in the case of a barrage, the pattern was a line. The term “barrage” was first used in English in the orders for the battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915.[1]

A lifting barrage was a development in which the barrage lifted periodically to a target further back, such as a second line of trenches. This was countered by the defenders infiltrating troops and machine guns into no-man's land or the areas between their own trench lines, so it was found necessary to comb the entire area of the advance with artillery fire. A creeping barrage (also called a walking barrage[2]) was a barrage that lifted in small increments, perhaps 50 yards, so that it moved forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry.[3]
[edit] Rolling barrage

A rolling barrage was more sophisticated still, with two or more curtains of fire, one behind the other, so that when the batteries firing the rearmost pattern ceased fire to lift the barrage, there was no pause or gap in the barrage. Those batteries lifted their fire to become the forward edge of the barrage, and the pattern was repeated to keep the barrage rolling forward without ever ceasing.[4]

Initially the lifts of the creeping barrage were pre-programmed; that gave rise to problems when the infantry attack did not keep up with the barrage, or was slowed down by it. By the end of World War I the technique of a creeping barrage had been perfected and could be made to move in complicated ways, with the barrage wheeling or even combing back and forth across the same ground to catch the defenders re-emerging after the barrage had passed,[5] but it was still governed by a timetable. By World War II, as techniques and communications improved, the barrage lifts could be ordered by forward observers or by the infantry themselves. The British developed the "quick barrage", a standardised barrage pattern that could be ordered by radio without advance plotting of the fireplan on a map.[6]

Up to 10% were expected to be killed or wounded by short-falling shells when it was first used.
[edit] Standing and box barrages

A standing barrage was static. A standing barrage might be defensive, to inhibit the movement of enemy troops and break up attacks. A creeping barrage could be made to stand on a static line for a time before it moved on, perhaps waiting for the infantry to form up behind it, or to catch up, or perhaps it would stand on the line of known enemy defences, to do more damage and sap enemy morale. The fireplan for the Battle of Messines on 17 June 1917 called for most of the 18-pounder field guns to fire a creeping barrage of shrapnel immediately ahead of the advance, while the other field guns and 4.5 inch howitzers fired a standing barrage some 700 yards (640 m) further ahead. The standing barrage was aligned with known German positions, and lifted to the next target when the advance reached within 400 yards (370 m) of it. As each objective was taken by the infantry, the creeping barrage would pause 150 to 300 yards (140 to 270 m) ahead of them and become a standing barrage, protecting the newly-gained positions from counterattack while the infantry consolidated. During this time the pace of fire slackened to one round per gun a minute, enabling the guns and the crews a respite, before resuming full intensity as the barrage moved on. The heavy and super-heavy artillery fired on German rear areas, and over 700 machine guns participated in the barrage plan using indirect fire over the heads of their own troops.[7]

In a box barrage three or four barrages formed a box—or more often three sides of a box—around a position to isolate it. Standing or box barrages were often used for Defensive Fire tasks, in which the barrage was pre-registered in a position agreed with the defending infantry commander, to be called down in the event of an enemy attack on his positions. A box barrage could also be used to prevent the enemy from reinforcing a position to be attacked. In a trench raid of March 1917, 1st Battalion the Buffs were supported first by a creeping barrage, then by a box barrage once they were in the enemy trenches, to prevent German reinforcement or counterattack, plus dummy bombardments on other sections of the line to confuse the enemy.[8]
[edit] Advantages and drawbacks

It was soon appreciated how important it was for the attacking troops to follow the barrage closely (leaning on the barrage), without allowing time for the defenders to recover from the shock of bombardment and emerge from their dug-outs; the French reckoned they should be suffering 10% of their casualties from their own artillery if they were close enough to the barrage.[9] Ideally the attackers should be into the enemy positions before the defenders have time to recover their composure after the terror of an intense bombardment, emerge from shelters and man their firing positions. On the first day of the Somme, and in the later French Nivelle Offensive on the Chemin des Dames, the barrage outpaced the infantry, allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their dug-outs, with disastrous results for the attackers.[10] By the end of World War I it was realised that the important effect of the barrage was to demoralise and suppress the enemy, rather than physical destruction; a short, intense bombardment immediately followed by infantry assault was more effective than the weeks of grinding bombardment used in 1916.

A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise, with the guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off. It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitered, as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance.[11] On the other hand it was wasteful of ammunition and guns, as much of the fire would inevitably fall on ground containing no enemy.

The World War I barrage with programmed lifts had the effect of confining the infantry advance to the artillery schedule, and of requiring the use of linear tactics, restricting infantry manoeuvre. Infiltration tactics later proved more effective than advancing in rigid lines, and the infiltration phase of German stormtrooper attacks could not use a creeping barrage; but the opening phase of Operation Michael was still supported by a massive creeping barrage, containing a heavy mix of gas shells.[12] The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics, such as reliance on the infantry's own firepower to support its movement, were sometimes forgotten.[13]

In the featureless Western Desert in World War II, one benefit of the barrage was that it enabled the infantry to conform their line to the barrage, ensuring that their line of advance was correct.[14]

By 1943 the barrage was considered to dissipate firepower and to constrain the infantry into advancing in rigid lines.[15]

A barrage could severely churn up the ground, especially in soft going, and impede the progress of the attacking troops.[16]
[edit] World War I
Men of the Australian Heavy Artillery capping 8 inch shells with '106' (instantaneous) fuses.

A creeping barrage was first used in a small section of the line at the battle of Loos, but the infantry did not advance behind it. The first day of the battle of the Somme saw the first attempt at a large-scale creeping barrage which had been planned in anticipation of the infantry's anticipated ability to advance relatively unmolested across the battlefield due to a heavy, week long preparatory bombardment. For example, on XV Corps front, the barrage was programmed to lift 50 yards (46 m) every minute. Complications arose however in British protocols to prevent friendly-fire casualties which at the time dictated that shellfire was to be kept over one hundred yards away from their own uncovered infantry. In many cases no-man's land was narrower than the allowable 'safe' distance and as such the barrage did not protect the men as they went 'over the top' and advanced towards the German trenches. Further, as the British infantry was slowed far beyond the expected pace of advance across no-man's land, all along the Somme front it proved impossible for the infantry to keep up with the pace of the barrage.[17]
However, the tactic was further refined as the Battle of the Somme wore on and by September 1916 the creeping barrage became a standard tactic for infantry attacks, and soon spread to the French army, enabling the French recapture of Fort Vaux at Verdun in November 1916. By the later stages of the Battle of the Somme, the British had improved the accuracy of and confidence in their artillery fire and had learned the lessons of keeping infantry close to the barrage: the BEF circulated an aerial observer's report commending a "most perfect wall of fire" followed up within 50 yards (46 m) by the infantry of 50th Division, enabling them to take a village with little opposition. A report said "Experience has shown that it is far better to risk a few casualties from an occasional short round from our own artillery than to suffer the many casualties which occur when the bombardment is not closely followed up".[18]
Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at the First Battle of Passchendaele.

At first, British creeping barrages consisted only of shrapnel shells, but an equal mix of HE was soon added, in some cases later supplemented by smoke shells. The creeping barrage would advance at a rate of 100 yards every one to six minutes, depending on terrain and conditions; although six minutes was found to be too slow.[19] By the Battle of Arras in 1917 the creeping barrage was huge and complex, with five or six lines of fire covering a depth of 2,000 yards (1,800 m) ahead of the infantry. Predicted fire was used, so that the barrage opened without preliminary target registration shots. Back barrages were fired, in which rearmost lines of the barrage reversed direction, and machine gun barrages were introduced. False barrages attempted to deceive the enemy about Allied intentions or to force him to reveal his positions.[20]
The creeping barrage was used to great effect in the Canadian success at Vimy Ridge where the men had been extensively trained to move forward in the 'Vimy Glide' - a 100 yd per three minute pace which kept the infantry directly behind the barrage.[21]
The opening attack of the Battle of Passchendaele was covered by a barrage of shrapnel and HE on a collossal scale, fired by over 3,000 British guns and howitzers: one 18-pounder for every 15 yards (14 m) of front, and a heavy howitzer for every 50 yards (46 m), with yet more guns in the French sector. The British barrage advanced 100 yards (91 m) every four minutes, with the infantry following as close as 50 yards (46 m) from the bursting shells. One battery's programme required 45 lifts. As each objective was reached, the barrage settled 500 yards (460 m) beyond the new position, combing back and forth to disrupt expected German counter-attacks, while some of the artillery moved forward to support the next phase of the advance.[22]

On the Eastern Front, German Colonel Georg Bruchmüller developed a form of double creeping barrage, with the first line of the barrage consisting of gas shells. His ideas were applied on the Western Front in the Spring Offensive of 1918.[23]

The day of the lengthy large-scale preliminary barrage had largely passed by the end of World War I, at least in Western nations, with the realisation that best results were achieved by neutralising the enemy rather than attempting his physical destruction, and that short, concentrated bombardments, including creeping barrages, were more effective in neutralising the enemy than extended bombardment. Once open warfare returned after the breaking of the Hindenburg Line in September 1918 the British fired far fewer creeping barrages, using more lifts and concentrations instead.[24]

Attacks by tanks do not need the same form of artillery support, and the single barrage along the entire front of the advance had even been abandoned by the battle of Cambrai in 1917. More sophisticated fire control enabled infantry to call down artillery fire in direct support, or targeting of identified enemy positions.[25] Nevertheless, barrages remained in use. On 31 August 1918 the attack of the US 32nd Division was preceded by a walking barrage. After first passing over the German line, the barrage returned twice more, attempting to catch the defenders returning to their firing positions from their dugouts, or to keep them underground when the real assault went in.[26]
[edit] World War II

The barrage remained in use in World War II, but was no longer the dominant artillery plan. In the absence of the huge set-piece infantry assaults of World War I, barrages were on a smaller scale. For the opening of the battle of El Alamein, for example, a barrage was considered by Montgomery's planners, but rejected in favour of fierce concentrations on known or suspected targets in turn. Along a 12,000 yard front, 456 guns were considered insufficient for a true creeping barrage (at Neuve Chapelle there had been one gun for every four yards of front).[14] But creeping and rolling barrages were used in some divisional sectors and in later phases of the Alamein battle. For Operation Supercharge on 1–2 November 1942, the attack in the 2nd New Zealand Division sector was preceded by a creeping barrage of 192 guns along a 4,000 yard front, firing on three lines. There was almost one 25-pounder for every 20 yards of front, plus two medium regiments thickening the barrage.[27]

While artillery tactics had been subjected to considerable evolution between the Wars, the British Gunnery School at Larkhill developed the most significant techniques for rapidly controlling and coordinating artillery fire. The impact of this was first felt in the Western Desert campaign. In World War I it had become essential to plot the location of all guns accurately, but the British would now survey in all their guns to one reference point; that made it possible for every artillery piece within range to join a fireplan in a very few minutes (provided they were in communications), rather than over several hours or days.

By the fighting in Tunisia, more guns were available and the defenders were more concentrated than in the Western Desert. The artillery plan for the British attack at Wadi Akarit in April 1943 involved no less than eight barrages in three phases ahead of the advances of 50th and 51st Divisions. They included a standing barrage to mark the start line in the dark and enable the infantry to form up in the right alignment; a barrage that wheeled left during the advance; and an on-call creeping barrage. Nevertheless, attacks rarely relied solely on a barrage for artillery support: at Wadi Akarit pre-arranged concentrations on likely targets were called down by observers in the course of the assault.[28]

Nevertheless, it remained in use in the Italian Campaign. In the assault on the Hitler Line on 23 May 1944, 810 guns were amassed for the attack of I Canadian Corps. Three hundred of them fired on the first line of a 3,200 yard wide barrage, beginning three minutes before the infantry moved off and lifting at a rate of 100 yards in five minutes. It was due to pause for an hour at the first objective, then lift at 100 yards per three minutes to the further objectives, but the timing was disrupted by heavy resistance and defensive artillery fire. The operation was later criticised for concentrating on too narrow a front, constrained by the need for enough guns to produce a dense barrage.[29]
British 4.5 inch gun in action near Tilly-sur-Seulles, Normandy, 1944.

In the assault crossing of the Senio in 1945, dummy barrages were used to confuse the enemy, either misleading them as to the line of attack or drawing them out of shelters as the barrage passed, expecting an infantry assault, only to catch them with a renewed barrage or air attacks. On Monte Sole, US artillery fired probably its heaviest barrage of the war, 75,000 shells in a half hour to clear the advance of the South Africans.[30]

In Normandy, a creeping barrage fired from 344 guns preceded the opening attacks of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in Operation Epsom on 26 June 1944.[31]

For the opening of Operation Veritable, the push to the Rhine, the fire of 1,050 field and heavy guns was supplemented by 850 barrels of pepper-pot barrage: other weapons – mortars, machine guns, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and rockets – supplementing the field guns. The true barrage of the British XXX Corps began at 09.20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure high explosive and began to roll forward. A 300 yard lift was made every 12 minutes, the lifts being signalled to the infantry by yellow smoke shells, and the barrage paused for ½ hour at each defensive line. 2,500 shells were fired per km2 per hour until the barrage stopped at 16.30.[32]

The barrage remained in Soviet doctrine in World War II, where the creeping barrage by massed guns was the standard accompaniment to an infantry assault. The Soviet artillery lacked the sophisticated communications nets necessary for more subtle tactics, but had plenty of guns. Some 7,000 guns and mortars were massed for the counterattack at Stalingrad, and huge bombardments remained standard for the rest of the war.[33]
[edit] Korean War and after
Illustration of a complex walking barrage, used during defence of Khe Sanh, Vietnam.

The barrage continued in use into the Korean War. At the Battle of Pork Chop Hill, UN forces employed on-call, pre-registered defensive fires called flash fire to defend its outposts, in which artillery laid down a box barrage in a horseshoe-shaped pattern around the outpost. It was still in use in the Vietnam War.

In the 1982 Falklands War, the assault of 42 Commando Royal Marines on Mount Harriet was preceded by an accurate walking barrage from supporting artillery, firing some 100 metres ahead of the advancing Marines. Later phases of the attack used a pepperpot barrage, including Milan anti-tank missiles.[34]
[edit] Use and misuse of the word

The word barrage, imported from the French for "barrier" around 1915, denotes a particular artillery tactic, and has a very specific meaning in military circles.

Barrage is frequently misused to describe any form of artillery fire of more than one round: On April 29, 2007, Reuters reported “US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad”,[35] but instead of the mass destruction and casualties one would expect from a barrage in a residential area, it appears that about 24 rounds were fired, probably against point targets. Even military historians use it in a non-technical sense, referring to any intense artillery fire.

The word has entered the general language, meaning any intense sequence of words or missiles – such as a barrage of questions.

Barrage

Barrage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up barrage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A barrage may be

* barrage (artillery), a line or barrier of artillery or depth charge fire
* barrage (tidal), a weir or artificial obstruction at the mouth of a tidal watercourse
* a barrage balloon, a tethered balloon intended to present an obstacle to attacking aircraft
* Barrage (Transformers), the name of two Transformers characters
* Philadelphia Barrage - formerly a professional lacrosse team in Major League Lacrosse
* Barrage (group), a Canadian fiddle group, or
* Barrage (album), their self-titled debut album
* Barrage (river), like a dam on course of the river to hoard water.

LOWER SOLO RIVER IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, PHASE-I

LOWER SOLO RIVER IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, PHASE-I

 

PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Solo River is the largest river in Java island. It drains a cathment area of about 16,100 km^2, discharging into the Java Sea to north of the Surabaya after traveling about 600 km from the Sewu mountain ranges to the southest of Surakarta. The Solo River is divided into three basins, which are the Upper Solo River, the Madiun River and the Lower Solo River Basin. The project area of the lower Solo riverimprovement is located on the flood prone area along the downstrem reaches of the Solo river and its tributaries.

 

The government of Indonesia (GOI) recognized the importance of flood disaster prevention from the past floods especially by the flood disasters in 1966 and 1968. In 1966, the Solo river caused the severest flooding bringing an inundation area of 142,000 ha and affecting population of 670,000 in the whole basin. The Government strengthened their policy to promote comprehensive development of the Solo river basin consisting of flood control, watershed management, water resources development and their related works. For an executing agency for the overall basin development, the Solo River Project Office was established in 1969, and was recognized as an executing board for the whole the Solo River Basin Development Projects.

 

OTCA’s master Plan Study on the whole Solo river basin in 1974 formulated a comprehensive flood control plan as well as water resources development plan. GOI carried out the detailed desigd of the Lower Solo River Improvement Project by financial assistance of JBIC (OECF). Afterwards, JBIC (OECF) Loan agreement for Phase-I was made in 1995, and implementation was enforced in early 1996 and presently in progress towards completion in 2004.

 

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The project aims at an overall integratedbasin development for both the function of flood control and water resources development in order to contribute to the stabilization of public welfare and to acceleration of agricultural activity and economic development in the national and regional aspects. The projects has two objectives, that is, the one as the objective is to mitigate flood damages on the flood prone areas along the Lower Solo river and the other objectives is to develop water resources for water supply to the downstream areas and the north coastal area.

 

LOWER SOLO RIVER IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, PHASE-I

 

PROJECT FEATURES

A.       Floodway

1.        Floodway Channel                                   

a.        Length                                                        :    12.50 m

b.        Bottom width                                               :       100 m

2.        Jetty (on both bank)                                              :    2,200 m

3.        Dyke                                                                   :   22.16 km

4.        Parapet wall                                                         :      997 m

5.        Inlet Gate

a.        Gated weir total width                                     :    43.5 m

b.        Steel Slide gate                                             :         3 nos             

6.        Siphon                                                                :         1 unit

7.        Bridge

a.        Newly constructed                                         :         3 nos

b.        Modification of existing bridge                         :         1 no.

c.        Village bridge                                                :         2 nos

8.        Dropstructure                                                      :         2 nos

9.        Rubber dam                                                        :         1 unit

10.     Sluiceway                                                

a.        Drainage facilities                                          :       13 nos

b.        Irrigation facilitis                                            :         9 nos

c.        Drain Inlet                                                     :         9 nos

d.        Cross drain                                                   :         2 nos

11.     Inspection road                                                   :     18.4 km

 

B.       River Improvement Works

1.        Dyking                                                                : 89.7 km

a.        Newly construction                                        : 26.6 km

b.        Heightening                                                  : 63.1 km

2.        Short-cut channel

a.        Length                                                          : 2.2 km

b.        Bottom width                                                 : 120 m

3.        Parapet wall                                                        : 12,663 m

4.        Low water channel revetment                                :   3,075 m

5.        High water channel revetment                               :   1,284 m

6.        Sluiceway

a.        Newly constructed                                         : 29 nos

b.        Extention                                                      : 26 nos

c.        Modification                                                  :    3 nos

7.        Drainage canal

a.        Connection canal                                          : 11 km

b.        Cross drain                                                   : 22 nos

 

C.       Babat Barrage

1.        Babat barrage

a.        Gated weir width                                           : 137.5 m

b.        Barrage check gate including           

         flap and hoist                                              : 1 nos

c.        Barrage check gate with hoist                        : 6 nos

d.        Discharge control gate                                   : 1 no.

e.        Intake gate including hoist and

Trashrack                                                      : 1 no.

f.         Stoplog for check and control gates : 9 unit

2.        Road                                                                  : 8 km

D.       Jabung Inlet Structure

1.        Village bridge                                                      : 1 no.

2.        Road                                                                  : 7.2 km

3.        Low water channel revetment                                : 143 m

E.       Jabung Outlet Structure

1.        Jabung Outlet Gate

a.        Gated weir total width                                  : 17 m

b.        Non gated weir total width                            : 50 m

c.        Flood control gate                                       : 2 nos

d.        Discharge control gate                                 : 1 no.

e.        Intake gate for irrigation                                : 1 no.

2.        Gelap canal

a.        Length                                                        : 4,300 m

b.        Bottom width                                               : 39 m

 

 

PROJECT COST

The project implementation of Phase-I is financially assisted by the japan bank for International Cooperation (JBIC’s Loan No. IP-450) Japan. The loan is valid until August 28, 2004 and the amount of the loan proceeds is 10,796 million.

 

 

LOWER SOLO RIVER IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, PHASE-I

 

FLOOD CONTROL IN DOWNSTREAM AREA FROM BABAT

Flood control in down stream area from Babat town is made by the combination of Jabung retarding basin, Floodway and Dyking. In the Phase-I, Floodway and levee along the Solo river is completed. But the construction of the Jabung retarding basin is still remained.

Short term plan of flood control is applied 1,180 ha for Jabung retarding basin and long term plan is by expanded 5,100 ha.

 

 

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Water supply in surrounding Lower Solo river basin is studied in Phase-I. And Babat barrage is selected to construct in Phasr-I. Babat barrage can supply irrigation water to Jero swamp area (14,952 ha), left bank area (3,160 ha) of Lower Solo river through the Leideng Gelap canal. Domestic and industrial water also can be suplied to Kab. Lamongan (1.425 m³/s), northen and central area of Kab. Gresik (3.081 m³/s) and Tuban city area (2.612 m³/s). However, additional structures are necessary ti satisfy water supply scheme in Phase-II.

 

BABAT BARRAGE

 

Objectives of Babat Barrage

Habitants in the Lower Solo river basin often suffers a lack of water in dry season. The Babat barrage is one component of Long Channel Storage which is considered to water resources development in Lower Solo river basin.

 

Function of Babat Barrage are as follows:

a.        Irrigation water supply to Jero Swamp area through intake, headrace and primary canal

b.        Irrigation water supply to left bank of Lower Solo river through Jabung retarding basin

c.        Domestic and industrial water supply to Kab. Tuban

d.        Domestic and industrial water supply to Kab. lamongan

e.        Domestic and industrial water supply to northen and central area of Kab. Gresik through Sembayat barrage.

Feature of Babat Barrage

1.        Hydraulic Condition :

a.        Flood discharge                                               : 3,170 m3/sec

b.        Flood water level                                              : EL. 8.40 m

c.        Full supply water level                                      : EL. 5.70 m

d.        Max. supply water discharge                            : 20 m3/sec

e.        Tail water level

-          Highest high tide level                              : EL. - 0.45 m

-          Mean tide level                                        : EL. - 1.29 m

-          Lowest low tide level                                : EL. - 2.13 m

 

2.        Basic Structural Dimensions:

1)       Civil Structure

Barrage Type                   : Gated weir

Gate Sill Elevation            : EL. – 1.30 m

Aron Elevation                  : EL. – 3.30 m to EL. – 3.60 m

Barrage Width                  : 137.50 m

Barrage Legth                   : 70.00 m

Foundation Type               : Pile Foundation

 

2)       Gates

Flood Gate

-          Gate Type                       : Radial gate (one gate with flap gate)

-          Clear span of gate            : 15.00 m per gate

-          Gate height                     : 7.10 m

-          Gate number                   : 7 nos

Discharge Control Gate

-          Gate type                        : Radial type (with flap gate)

-          Clear span                       : 7.50 m

-          Gate height                      : 9.00 m

-          Gate number     : 1 no.

Bypass Gate

-          Gate type                         : Fixed wheel gate (4 edges rubber seal)

-          Clear span                        : 2.05 m

-          Gate height                      : 2.50 m

-          Gate number     : 2 nos

 

Construction Cost    Rp. 162 billion (Budget Source : APBN and JBIC loan)

Contractor                               Civil Work                               PT. ADHI KARYA

                                                Hydromechanical Work          MES-WIKA JO.

 

 

 

NECESSITY OF PHASE-II

 

Flood Control

Lower Solo river improvement was planned to construct the leeve between Cepu and river mouth. In the Phase-I, leeve construction is carried out between Babat and river mouth. At the present, it still remains between Cepu and Babat. Even the Phase-I is completed, inundation is occurred downstream of Babat because flood water overflows from upstream of Babat. And upstream area of Lower Solo river is sometimes inundated by small scale flood. Therefore, levee construction should be carried out between Cepu and Babat.

 

 

 

 

 

Water Use

In the dry season, a lack of water is very serious problem in/surrounding Lower Solo river basin. Habitants in this area are looking forward to use adequate waterin the dry season. It is necesaary to construct storage structures. The Long Channel Storage was studied to minimize resettlement and land compensation in the Comprehensive Development and Management Plan. The Long Channel Storage consist of the Sembayat barrage, the Babat barrage (completion in Phase-I), the Bojonegoro barrage and the Karangnongko dam.

 

 

LOWER SOLO RIVER IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, PHASE-II

 

Project Component Phase-II

(1)     River Improvement Works of the Lower Solo river between Babat and Cepu town, (Packages II-1~ II-6: right bank, Packages III-1 ~ III-5: left bank), as well as remaining works in Phase-I.

(2)     Construction of Ring dam and Drainage System for Jabung retarding basin (Packages J-2(1)).

(3)     Construction of Bojonegoro barrage (Package BJ)

(4)     Jero Swamp Improvement (Package JS(1))

(5)     Construction of Sembayat barrage (Packages Sb(1))

(6)     Construction of Karangnongko dam (Package K(1))

(7)     Installation of Flood Forecasting and Warning System (Package FFWS)