tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88953884982954238712024-03-13T23:08:50.872-07:00bojonegoro barrageBLOG DEDICATION FOR PLACE BOJONEGORObojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.comBlogger28125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-77986604458265836642011-01-10T09:22:00.001-08:002011-01-10T09:22:42.689-08:00Tips dan Trik Memilih Baju Pesta Muslimah<div class="entry">
<a href="http://www.dfashionku.com/">Tips dan Trik Memilih Baju Pesta Muslimah </a><br />
<br />
Busana muslimah identik dengan baju gamis bukan hanya milik mereka yang
ingin pergi ke pengajian atau ke masjid. Kini dengan perkembangan busana
muslim tidak hanya sebatas baju gamis, Anda juga bisa tampil bergaya
dengan model produk busana muslim yang tetap sederhana namun mewah. <br />
Busana seperti apakah yang harus Anda kenakan untuk menghadiri pesta formal ? <br />
Sebenarnya simple saja, busana muslimah yang simple pun bisa Anda
kenakan untuk ke acara pesta yang formal. Namun dengan tambahan kreasi
pastinya. <br />
Berikut tips nya : <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-ATmOpNY3JaJwCRqCy0P7s38apia2okx3B0P2sgYbpT2cHteXVep9z6UNsOBWKfw29eDYv9r_M4g4JKPdLJo7GT70lCzbJXI9Orx_CmxF0-wx1kcNP-w69ttXgQcywnExLwxXHmi-nA/s1600/s_2347051_bajutakwadetail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-ATmOpNY3JaJwCRqCy0P7s38apia2okx3B0P2sgYbpT2cHteXVep9z6UNsOBWKfw29eDYv9r_M4g4JKPdLJo7GT70lCzbJXI9Orx_CmxF0-wx1kcNP-w69ttXgQcywnExLwxXHmi-nA/s1600/s_2347051_bajutakwadetail.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFzGm8vKp9OVlcyhIH6b-uKTEKj5Bn0GL6KtqrAAyDZJg1fHIoKXgUA-f4hO0Wcv03Vp8DSCLSUZyvtqZaL-gt2YJ9tuzcKe8gKcwgYiGl7TZhJKB4sofIHStokty0_yY4dK1l_7-ut68/s1600/s_2347053_detail-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFzGm8vKp9OVlcyhIH6b-uKTEKj5Bn0GL6KtqrAAyDZJg1fHIoKXgUA-f4hO0Wcv03Vp8DSCLSUZyvtqZaL-gt2YJ9tuzcKe8gKcwgYiGl7TZhJKB4sofIHStokty0_yY4dK1l_7-ut68/s1600/s_2347053_detail-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
1. Jika Anda menghadiri acara pesta di siang hari, kenakan baju muslimah
dengan warna terang, namun pilihlah bahan pakaian yang mudah menyerap
keringat dan tidak mudah kusut. Sebaiknya, kenakanlah pakaian potongan
bukan gamis. Dan untuk Anda yang tidak banyak aktivitas di sana,
mengenakan rok panjang bisa menjadi pilihan, dan akan <a href="http://dfashionku.com/"><i>terlihat lebih anggun</i></a>. Tempat jual busana muslim dan baju gamis biasanya menyediakan aneka pilihan. <br />
<br />
2. Jika Anda menghadiri acara pesta sore hari yang santai, Anda dapat
mengenakan padanan warna yang segar, seperti hijau muda atau biru muda.
Dengan tambahan bordiran, payet atau tunik jepang, disertai dengan
variasi warna bahan yang lebih muda. Anda bisa memakai selendang agar
penampilan Anda tidak monoton, Anda pun akan lebih terlihat gaya namun
tetap formal. <br />
<br />
3. Jika acara pesta berlangsung malam hari, produk busana muslim gaya
glamour bisa menjadi pilihan Anda. Namun tidak perlu mengenakan yang
bertabur kristal atau payet. Anda bisa menggunakan kaftan dengan
embroidery emas atau perak. Alternatif lain, gunakan baju gamis bercorak
floral dengan teknik lukisan atau tunik panjang bergaris kebaya yang
dipadukan bersama kain. <br />
<br />
4. Jika ingin tampil muda, tidak ada salahnya Anda mengenakan batik.
Saat ini sudah banyak kain batik yang dikemas dengan gaya kontemporer.
Pilih saja yang bermodel Jackie-O atau bergaris babydoll dan dipadu
dengan denim atau celana pipa. <a href="http://dfashionku.com/">Kunjungilah fashion shop muslimah langganan And</a>a. <br />
<br />
5. Jika Anda ingin tampil lebih mewah, mengenakan stola a<a href="http://dfashionku.com/">tau pashmina bisa membantu</a>.
Atau selendang dari bahan organdi yang serasi. Carilah butik fashion
ataupun butik pakaian yang menyediakan pakaian muslima dan baju <a href="http://dfashionku.com/">gamis kebutuhan Anda</a>. <br />
<br />
<br />
6. jangan lupa kunjungi toko toko online untuk melakukan perbandingan
harga dan kualitas mngkin salah satunya bisa mengunjungi toko online
aneka baju takwa, batik, jilbab seperti www.dfashionku.com<br />
<br />
<br />
sumber : <a href="http://dfashionku.com/"><i>olah dan http://dunia-wirausaha.com</i></a>
</div>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-15666259020809245902010-10-15T20:32:00.000-07:002010-10-15T20:32:12.480-07:00The Hagestein Weir in the Netherlands<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9K_pI37iZo_jO3Ea47f8QW8QmPRRaZIaEZ9oCq9r_jhuXYTzDCMvZHDv35-s9j2754L8aGSLSohXIC4_gPDur3GAkOqp8w2e4HwglWys0lFWVcnKvwTKJcB8QL0p7gYqtmvRvqbenuE/s1600/HagesteijniStock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9K_pI37iZo_jO3Ea47f8QW8QmPRRaZIaEZ9oCq9r_jhuXYTzDCMvZHDv35-s9j2754L8aGSLSohXIC4_gPDur3GAkOqp8w2e4HwglWys0lFWVcnKvwTKJcB8QL0p7gYqtmvRvqbenuE/s320/HagesteijniStock.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Completed in about 1960, the Hagestein Weir is one of three movable weirs, or dams, along the Rhine River in the Netherlands. The Hagestein Weir has two enormous arch gates to control water and generate power on the Lek River near the village of Hagestein. Spanning 54 meters, the hinged gates are connected to concrete abutments. The gates are stored in the up position. They rotate down to close the channel. <br /><br />Dams and water barriers like Hagestein Weir have become models for water control engineers around the world.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-75580575633113780022010-10-13T21:28:00.000-07:002010-10-13T21:28:01.103-07:00ANALISA KESEIMBANGAN LINTASAN DAN EVALUASI CONTINOUS LOOP CONVEYOR UNTUK MENGURANGI DELIVERY TIME DENGAN PENDEKATAN SIMULASI<div align="center">
<strong>ANALISA KESEIMBANGAN LINTASAN DAN EVALUASI CONTINOUS LOOP CONVEYOR UNTUK MENGURANGI DELIVERY TIME DENGAN PENDEKATAN SIMULASI<br /><br />(Studi Kasus : PT Indoprima Gemilang Gresik)<br /><br />Danil Setiawan<br />Jurusan Teknik Industri Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik<br />Jl Sumatra 101 GKB, Gresik 61121, E mail ; khamamah@gmail.com<br /><br />Said Salim Dahda., ST.,MT.<br />Program Pasca Sarjana Jurusan Teknik Industri Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya<br /><br /></strong>ABSTRAK<br />Keseimbangan lintasan ( line balancing ) produksi merupakan suatu hal yang penting dalam suatu perusahaan. Keseimbangan lintasan tersebut diperlukan agar memiliki pembebanan yang berimbang sehingga aliran produk dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Dengan metode Rank Positional Weight perusahaan wiring harness PT Indoprima Gemilang mendapatkan effisiensi sistem 93.89 % dan balance delay 6.11 %, melalui penentuan presedence diagram, presedence matrik, serta proses peta kerja, dan menggunakan evaluasi continous loop conveyor sebagai acuan untuk menentukan delivery time dan waktu baku yang dibutuhkan sebagai acuan untuk setting kecepatan optimal konveyor yaitu 333 mm/det sehingga menghasilkan output 1375 set perbulan.<br />Dari model tersebut kemudian dimodelkan kedalam software arena untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum, khususnya untuk melihat output yang ada dari kondisi awal 6 operasi menjadi 5 stasiun operasi<br />Kata Kunci : keseimbangan lintasan, konveyor, simulasi<br /><br /><br />ABSTRACT<br />Line balancing is importantproplem in the line production. Line balancing necessary in order that line production is smooth. With Rank Positional Weight methodh pt Indoprima Gemilang company get efficiency system 93.89 % and balance delay 6.11 %through step presedence diagram, presedence matrik,and standard operational production and use continous loop conveyor evaluation for determined delivery time nd time standard for use setting delivery optimum conveyor is 333 mm/det and than provide output 1375 set per month.<br />From this model and than in put to arena software, give general research in the system, specifically for be found output product the first condition with 6 operation to 5 station operation.<br />Keyword : line balancing, conveyor, simulation<br /><br />skripsi teknik industri, industrial engineering<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-41400625029812676492010-10-11T09:37:00.001-07:002010-10-11T09:37:57.272-07:00Memorandum by the Severn Tidal Power Group (CC 21)<span><b>Memorandum by the Severn Tidal Power Group
(CC 21)
</b></span><br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<center>THE UK CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMME<br />
</center>
I<span>NTRODUCTION</span><br />
<br />
1. The Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG) is a
joint venture between six of the UK's leading power engineering
and construction companies.[<a href="" name="n19"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#note19">19</a>]
It was formed in 1984 following publication of the favourable
report of the Severn Barrage Committee[<a href="" name="n20"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#note20">20</a>]
which identified the viability of an electricity generating barrage
in the Severn Estuary to capture the energy form the world's second
highest tidal range. STPG has been entrusted with the development
of the Severn Barrage project ever since.<br />
<br />
2. The Severn Barrage Committee was set up by
government following the oil price crisis of the late 1970's to
examine the engineering options and technical feasibility for
the project, its contribution to the security of electricity supplies
and the wider regional benefits that would ensue. The miners'
strike and the Chernobyl catastrophe raised further concerns in
regard to security of UK electricity supplies, and in 1986 a definitive
£4.2 million study of the Severn Barrage was commissioned
by the Secretary of State for Energy, funded jointly by the Government,
the CEGB and STPG.<br />
<br />
3. This study, reported in Energy Paper 57,[<a href="" name="n21"></a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#note21">21</a>]
confirmed the technical feasibly of the project and included discussion
of the environmental effects, regional implications and estuary
management issues. Detailed reports have also been published by
ETSU between 1989 and 1994, including further studies on environmental
and regional issues.<br />
<br />
4. As a consequence of the privatisation of
the electricity industry in 1990, a study of how the Severn Barrage
Project may be financed was postponed until the new market conditions
stabilised. In 1993, STPG proposed that a full financing study
should be undertaken to examine how the project could be taken
forward as a joint venture between the public and private sectors
in the spirit of the recently announced Private Finance Initiative.
Unfortunately, the decision by government to cease the funding
of further research as tidal power appeared uneconomic precluded
the implementation of this essential study.<br />
<br />
5. A new proposal by STPG to examine how the
project could be taken forward was submitted to the DTI in September
1997. In February 1998, STPG was invited by the President of the
Board of Trade, the Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP, and the Energy
Minister, John Battle MP, to discuss the project in the light
of the Government's targets for sustainable development and renewable
energy. It was concluded that because of the very long term nature
of the project it was doubtful that the Severn Barrage could be
financed solely in the private sector. The priority was therefore
identified as a new appraisal of the project to take into account
the changes in the electricity market, the different attitudes
to environmental issues, and the PFI experience of public sector/private
sector joint ventures which value the wider regional, economic
and environmental benefits. STPG has sought the Government's support
for this essential new research and eagerly awaits a response.
<br />
<br />
<br />
T<span>HE</span> <span>SEVERN</span>
<span>BARRAGE</span> <span>PROJECT</span>
<br />
<br />
6. An electricity generating barrage across
the Severn Estuary, to capture the energy from the second highest
tidal range in the world, will produce, on average, 17,000 million
kWh each year, or some 6 per cent of the annual electricity demand
of England and Wales. If it were to replace coal fired generation,
it would enable the UK to reduce its total annual CO<sub>2</sub>
emissions by 16 million tonnes, approximately 3 per cent of the
UK's carbon emissions from all sources. If detailed development
of the project is commenced now, power would be available from
around 2012, throughout the next century, and beyond.<br />
<br />
7. The Severn Barrage is therefore the largest
single renewable energy project able to make a significant contribution
to UK electricity supplies in a reasonable time scale. When fully
commissioned it would make a major contribution towards the Government
long-term targets for renewable energy and the reduction of emissions
of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
8. The project will cost some £10 billion
and require 200,000 man years of employment, representing 35,000
jobs at peak, many of which will be away from the barrage site
in the manufacturing regions of the UK. The project will also
bring significant regional benefits through the more benign conditions
that will be created in the basin above the barrage and from a
fourth crossing of the estuary. Substantial growth is anticipated
in the Severnside region with an estimated 40,000 jobs being created.
<br />
<br />
9. In the light of the recent discussions at
the Kyoto and Buenos Aires conferences, pollution free electricity
from the Severn Barrage will be a valuable asset in regard to
internal emissions trading, particularly if new coal fired stations
are to be considered.<br />
<br />
10. Unlike most other renewables, tidal power
is predictable and with reasonable maintenance the Severn Barrage
will have virtually indefinite life. Its contribution can therefore
be planned within a comprehensive long-term energy policy.<br />
<br />
R<span>ESPONSE</span> <span>TO</span>
<span>ISSUES</span> <span>IDENTIFIED</span>
<span>IN</span> <span>THE</span>
ETRA C<span>OMMITTEE</span>'<span>S</span>
<span>PRESS</span> <span>NOTICE</span>
82/97-98 (19 N<span>OVEMBER</span> 1998)<br />
<br />
<i>The desirability of the options contained in the
UK Climate Change Strategy in the light of non EU countries' commitments
<br />
</i>
<br />
11. World population is predicted to grow such
that by 2020 nearly 85 per cent will be in the emerging nations.
These people will demand the services that energy can provide:
heating; cooling; cooking; lighting; mobility and motive power.
<br />
<br />
12. The demand for energy is therefore expected
to double by 2020 in comparison with 1990 levels requiring that,
if greenhouse gas emissions are to be stabilised, either this
increase in energy must come from non-fossil fuel sources, or
that carbon sequestration techniques are developed in conjunction
with fossil fuel energy conversion technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
13. Development of appropriate technologies
and strategies to meet the UK's own targets will enable British
industry to export these technologies in the growing world markets,
especially those of the emerging nations.<br />
<br />
14. Significant reductions in the UK's own emissions
will enable it to play a leading role in emissions trading.<br />
<br />
<i>The role of the climate change strategy as the
first step towards greater reductions in the longer term, i.e.,
beyond 2010, with particular reference to behavioural change.
<br />
</i>
<br />
15. The three most important elements of the
climate change strategy are:<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>— to place greater emphasis on energy
saving through improved efficiency and better energy management;</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul>— to introduce controls to reduce the
use of energy for transport, particularly the use of fossil fuels;</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul>— to place greater reliance on the
use of renewable energy for electricity generation.</ul>
16. People will continue to demand the services
that energy can provide and government should not seek to restrict
or regulate access to these services. Government's aim should
be to educate and encourage people to moderate the way they use
the services energy provides and to avoid unnecessary use, using
price differentials, where appropriate. The main drive, however,
should be towards research to seek ways whereby the services can
be provided more efficiently and without waste.<br />
<br />
17. The climate change strategy has three apparent
weaknesses.<br />
<br />
18. Firstly, it places too great an emphasis
on the contribution that combined heat and power (CHP) installations
may make. CHP can only show greater efficiency in energy conversion
compared with individual heat and electricity generation when
the heat and electricity loads are matched. This state does not
normally occur continuously throughout the diurnal cycle and CHP
is much less efficient than individual generation when generating
with one mode dominant.<br />
<br />
19. Secondly, the climate change strategy does
not recognize properly the significance of the development of
fuel cells which make use of the hydrogen cycle. These are now
well advanced and by 2010 should be able to make a real contribution,
particularly in the transport sector. The economic production
of hydrogen by electrolysis will increase the demand for carbon-free
electricity either from the renewables or from nuclear power.
<br />
<br />
20. Thirdly, the climate change strategy does
not address the time scale for replacing the UK's ageing generating
capacity (coal, oil and nuclear) much of which will be reaching
the end of its economic life post 2010. Realistically, the only
technologies capable of replacing this plant, in addition to gas,
are the large scale renewables (e.g., off-shore wind and tidal
power from the Severn), nuclear and "clean" coal. All
but gas require some 10 to 15 years for design development, the
UK planning process, construction and commissioning.<br />
<br />
21. Gas-fired generating plant will produce
electricity at about half the cost of these other options, although
for the Severn Barrage, the cost of electricity generated following
payment of the development and construction debt will about half
that of gas.<br />
<br />
22. Insufficient certainty in market prices,
and thus also in rate of return for these high capital cost projects,
suggests that the private sector may be unwilling to make the
necessary investment and that intervention by government in the
market will therefore be required.<br />
<br />
<br />
23. Replacing generating capacity also requires
consideration of environmental questions other than lower emissions
of the greenhouse gases. Unless existing power station sites are
used, as would be possible with nuclear power or coal, substantial
infrastructure development is necessary. Moving from the present
sites would also lead to loss of jobs, although new jobs would
be associated with new locations. In the case of the Severn Barrage,
the regional development opportunities associated with the more
benign conditions in the barrage basin are estimated as creating
an additional 40,000 jobs.<br />
<br />
<i>The Government's timetable for producing and implementing
the Climate Change Strategy<br />
</i>
<br />
24. See comments in paragraph 20 above.<br />
<br />
25. Further research to establish which renewables
can realistically make a significant contribution, taking into
account the wider social, economic and environmental effects,
is essential for long term planning and to generate business confidence
to ensure the necessary investment is made.<br />
<br />
26. For example, we understand that a study
is being undertaken by the University of Liverpool's Centre for
Marine and Coastal Studies to compare the environmental impact
of tidal power from a single site in the Severn Estuary with the
impact from the 15 or so off-shore wind power station sites that
would be necessary to provide an equivalent installed capacity.
<br />
<br />
<i>The role of different sectors of the economy in
meeting the emissions reductions targets and the merits of sectoral
targets<br />
</i>
<br />
27. Tidal power from the Severn Estuary could
provide some 6 per cent of the annual electricity requirements
of England and Wales with no emissions of greenhouse gases, thereby
saving some 3 per cent of the UK's annual carbon emissions from
all sources by comparison with coal. It is the only predictable
renewable energy source able to make a significant contribution
to the Government's targets within a reasonable time scale.<br />
<br />
<i>The policies from the consultation paper on Climate
Change Strategy which will be required to meet the UK's legally
binding target for the basket of six greenhouse gases and the
domestic target for carbon dioxide emissions<br />
</i>
<br />
28. See comments in paragraph 15 above.<br />
<br />
<i>The uncertainties involved in emissions projections
and the impact of policies upon those projections<br />
</i>
<br />
29. No comment.<br />
<br />
<i>The mechanisms required to monitor the effectiveness
of policies in reducing emissions<br />
</i>
<br />
30. No comment.<br />
<br />
<i>The extent to which "flexible mechanisms"
should be used in achieving the legally binding target<br />
</i>
<br />
31. Internal emissions trading would allow the
carbon free electricity from the Severn Barrage to be matched
with re-planted coal-fired stations, thus enabling some 15 per
cent of the UK's annual electricity requirements to be generated
with a net saving in carbon emissions of 3 per cent. Similar trading
between replacement nuclear power and coal/gas would ensure that
the targets are no more onerous to achieve when existing nuclear
stations reach the end of their economic lives.<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>The economic and other costs of the options in
the Climate Change Strategy<br />
</i>
<br />
32. In paragraph 22 we suggest that intervention
by the Government in the electricity market may be necessary to
ensure that the best investments are made in regard to a long-term
electricity generating policy. The necessary data on which to
base informed decisions does not exist for many of the renewables,
in particular, how renewable energy may be traded in a liberalised
market and what is the full environmental impact of conversion
for different energy sources.<br />
<br />
33. If the wider social, economic and environmental
benefits are to be valued, mechanisms must be established which
properly reflect the long-term nature of these benefits and the
"value for money" that accrues from them.<br />
<br />
34. In the case of the Severn Barrage Project,
no proper financing studies have been undertaken to establish
the nature and extent of the public sector support required to
ensure the project can proceed. A new appraisal of the project
is essential to separate the infrastructure and regional benefits,
including coastal protection, from the power generation aspects
of the project so that the cost of electricity can be properly
compared with that from the other major UK energy sources.
<br />
S J Taylor
<br />
<i>Chairman, Management Board</i>
<br />
<i>5 January 1999<br />
<br />
</i>
<br />
<br />
<hr />
19 <a href="" name="note19"> Members of the Severn Tidal Power Group are: Sir
Robert McAlpine Ltd. Balfour Beatty Major Projects Ltd. ALSTOM
Hydro Ltd. Rolls Royce Power Engineering Ltd. Taylor Woodrow Construction
Ltd. Tarmac Construction Ltd. </a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#n19">Back</a><br /><br />
20 <a href="" name="note20">
"Tidal power from the Severn Estuary"-Volume 1: Energy
Paper 46; HMSO 1981. </a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#n20">Back</a><br /><br />
<br />
21 <a href="" name="note21">
"The Severn Barrage Project: General Report": Energy
Paper 57; HMSO 1989. </a><a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmenvtra/171/171m22.htm#n21">Back</a><br />
<br />
http://www.publications.parliament.ukbojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-23236350546088435122010-10-11T09:35:00.000-07:002010-10-11T09:35:33.799-07:00Severn Estuary Tidal Power Consultation - Resource Page<div align="justify">
Few people interested in the Severn estuary and the
surrounding area can be unaware of the debate about harnessing the power
of the tides. It is the biggest issue currently affecting the estuary
and one which the Severn Estuary Partnership is keen to see properly
debated.</div>
<div align="justify">
The UK Government is committed to generating 20% of
the nation's energy from renewable sources by 2020, while the Welsh
Assembly Government target is for 4 terawatt hours of electricity to
be generated from renewable sources by 2010. This latter target will
require 800MW of additional installed capacity from onshore wind resources
in Wales, and 200MW of additional capacity from offshore and other renewables.
A tidal power project in the Severn estuary could also contribute to
the UK’s commitment to meeting the European Union’s Renewable
energy target along with domestic and international greenhouse gas targets.
Developments in the Severn estuary, with a tidal range of 14 metres
(the second largest tidal range in the world), could therefore make
a major contribution to meeting both these ambitious targets, but any
scheme is inevitably going to have a significant impact on habitats
and wildlife. It is also claimed that some proposals could also limit
the entry of shipping to the ports of Cardiff, Bristol, Gloucester,
Newport and Sharpness.</div>
<div align="justify">
A number of organisations have stressed the need for
an open public debate in order to help identify the best way of capturing
the enormous renewable energy resource of the Severn estuary whilst
safeguarding its internationally important combination of species and
habitats and bringing lasting benefits to local communities. The Government’s
Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study Consultation is therefore gathering
and assessing evidence to enable Government to decide whether or not
to support tidal power development in the Severn Estuary.</div>
<div align="justify">
In July last year the Government published a list of
ten possible schemes, including barrages, onshore and offshore lagoons,
a tidal fence and a tidal reef. They then assessed, in high level terms,
the costs, benefits and impact of potential schemes and how they might
affect the environment and the region. Following this process Ministers
have now recommended the following schemes for detailed analysis:</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Shoots Barrage - located near the Severn road
crossings, estimated to cost £3.2bn to construct and generate
2.7TWh/year or just under 1% of UK electricity</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Beachley Barrage - slightly smaller and further
upstream than the Shoots Barrage (and upstream of the Wye), estimated
to cost £2.3bn and generate 1.6TWh/year</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Fleming Lagoon - an impoundment on the Welsh
shore of the Estuary between Newport and the Severn road crossings,
estimated to cost £4bn and generate 2.3TWh/year</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Bridgwater Bay Lagoon - an impoundment on the
English shore of the Estuary between Hinkley Point and Weston Super
Mare, estimated to cost £3.8bn and generate 2.6TWh/year</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Cardiff-Weston Barrage - located between Brean
Down and Lavernock Point, estimated to cost £20.9bn and generate
16.8TWh/year or some 4.4% of UK electricity.<br />
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width: 580px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="290"> <div align="center">
<span><strong>New Scientist
Map of short list</strong></span></div>
</td>
<td width="290"> <div align="center">
<span><strong>Original
long list of options</strong> <img align="absbottom" height="18" src="http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/images/pdflogo.gif" width="18" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="100" width="290"> <div align="center">
<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/mg20227041.300/2-green-and-mean-the-downside-of-clean-energy.html" target="_parent"><img alt="Current shortlist of 5 Tidal Power options (Guardian Interactive Map)" border="1" height="75" src="http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/images/newscimap.gif" width="100" /></a></div>
</td>
<td height="100" width="290"> <div align="center">
<a href="http://severntidalpowerconsultation.decc.gov.uk/img/long_list_prop" target="_blank"><img alt="Original list of 10 Tidal Power options (BERR)" border="1" height="75" src="http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/images/TPOptionsMapThumb.jpg" width="100" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
It is important to note that the Government is not
seeking views in this consultation on whether or not to build a Severn
barrage or other scheme. They will be asking for views on this in a
second public consultation, probably in 2010, once there is detailed
information on the costs, benefits and impacts of the short-listed schemes.</div>
<div align="justify">
The five projects selected are those that the government's
engineering consultants, Parsons Brinckerhoff, deemed to be based on
the most proven technology. Proposals for tidal reefs and tidal fences
are not included. The former would involve a series of slow-moving,
fish-friendly turbines over a purpose-built causeway in the estuary
while the latter would involve building only a partial barrier between
Cardiff and Weston-Super-Mare. Both these proposals are acknowledged
as having minimal impact on the local environment. </div>
<div align="justify">
There have been allegations that Parsons Brinckerhoff
miscalculated the costs of a tidal lagoon project championed by Friends
of the Earth. The report sent by the consultants to ministers stating
the tidal lagoon option would be eight times more expensive than the
barrage scheme and would not generate as much power, claims denied by
the designers. David Elliott, of the energy and environment research
unit at the Open University, has also stated that a single big barrage
would be problematic in terms of harnessing energy since it would only
provide two short bursts of power every day. He considers that several
smaller tidal turbines around the coast, operating at different times,
would be a better solution. Likewise the RSPB is disappointed that the
Cardiff-Weston barrage option is on the short list, considering that
the final scheme must be the one that generates as much clean energy
as possible, while minimising harm to the estuary and its wildlife.
They consider that the barrage would destroy huge areas of estuary marsh
and mudflats used by 69,000 birds each winter and block the migration
routes of countless fish.</div>
<div align="justify">
The Partial Impact Assessment of Severn Tidal Power
prepared for the Department of Energy and Climate Change compares the
five projects against the “do nothing” option, which is
considered to be the generation of electricity from Combined Cycle Gas
Turbines and other options for meeting renewable energy and GHG targets.
It also states that there may be a regional economic cost to ports and
to local fishing, additional environmental costs from the loss/damage
of habitats and species, reduced ‘ecosystem services’ including
negative effects on biodiversity and harm to fish stocks.</div>
<div align="justify">
Because of these issues and others, the Sustainable
Development Commission, the UK Government’s independent watchdog
on sustainable development, set out three ‘sustainability tests’
which a Severn tidal power scheme should pass:</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="justify">
It must be publicly led as a project and publicly
owned as an asset, in order to avoid short-termist decisions and
ensure the long-term public interest </div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
It must go ahead in full compliance with EU Habitats
and Birds Directives, which will require assessment of mitigation
and compensation on a scale as yet unseen in Europe</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
Any tidal power scheme must not divert Government
attention away from much wider action on climate change</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="justify">
<br />
The <a href="http://severntidalpowerconsultation.decc.gov.uk/" target="_blank">Severn
Tidal Power Consultation</a> phase closed on the 23rd of April. For
the latest information on the second phase of the study, please visit
the Department of Energy and Climate Change's <a href="http://www.decc.gov.uk/severntidalpower" target="_blank">Severn
Tidal Power Feasibility</a> page, or the Welsh Assembly Government's
<a href="http://www.wales.gov.uk/severntidal" target="_blank">Severn
Tidal Power</a> page. </div>
A second public consultation will be held, probably in 2010. This will
still be before any final decision is made by the Government on whether
to support a Severn tidal power scheme.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-4154357517144001992010-10-11T09:31:00.001-07:002010-10-11T09:31:39.086-07:00Severn Tidal Power<div class="cms-heading">
<h3>
Severn Tidal Power</h3>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;">The
huge 14-metre tidal range of the Severn Estuary is one of the highest
in the world. It represents a renewable, predictable resource with the
potential (through a tidal power scheme) to generate up to 5 percent of
the UK's electricity needs, and so make an important contribution to </span>the 2020 renewable target<span style="line-height: 150%;"><u> </u>and wider </span>climate change and energy goals<span style="line-height: 150%;">.
However, much more work is needed to assess the pros and cons of a
Severn tidal power scheme before making a decision on whether to go
ahead with a scheme and if so, which scheme and on what terms.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;">This work is being done through the Severn Tidal Power <a href="http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/renewable/severn_tidal_power/feasibility/feasibility.aspx">feasibility study</a>. The
study is expected to run until sometime in 2010, at which point is
expected to be a second public consultation before decisions are
taken. The decision on whether or not to support a Severn tidal power
scheme will be taken in the context of wider climate and energy goals
and the alternative options for meeting these goals – and will be a
question of the relative costs, benefits and impacts of a Severn tidal
power scheme, as compared to other options.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;">If you
cannot find the information you are looking for on these pages – or if
you would like to sign up to receive the Severn Tidal Power
e-newsletter, please contact: <a href="mailto:severntidalpowerunit@decc.gsi.gov.uk"><span style="line-height: 150%;">severntidalpowerunit@decc.gsi.gov.uk</span></a></span><br />
</div>
<h4>
News<br />
</h4>
<h5>
18 October 2009</h5>
<ul>
<li>Peer review of <a href="http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/renewable/severn_tidal_power/work/work.aspx">DTZ regional economic impact study</a> published.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h4>
Information in Welsh</h4>
<span style="line-height: 150%;">Information in Welsh is available from the <a href="http://www.wales.gov.uk/severntidal" target="_new" title=" (opens in a new tab or window)">Welsh Assembly Government: Severn Tidal Power<span class="external"><span class="hide"> [External link]</span></span></a> web pages.</span><br />
<h4>
Gwybodaeth yn Gymraeg</h4>
<span style="line-height: 150%;">Cewch wybodaeth yn Gymraeg drwy fynd i dudalennau Ynni'r Llanw ar Afon Hafren ar wefan Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru yn <span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.cymru.gov.uk/llanwarafonhafren" target="_new" title=" (opens in a new tab or window)">www.cymru.gov.uk/llanwarafonhafren</a></span></span>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-88724631891109312352010-10-11T09:30:00.001-07:002010-10-11T09:30:30.958-07:00Severn Barrage<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Severn Barrage</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#mw-head">navigation</a>,
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severn_Barrages_map.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="217" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Severn_Barrages_map.svg/300px-Severn_Barrages_map.svg.png" width="300" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severn_Barrages_map.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Barrage locations considered over the years. Black indicates lines of
most interest, with associated peak power generation at that location.</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
The <b>Severn Barrage</b> is any of a number of ideas for building a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_%28tidal%29" title="Barrage (tidal)">barrage</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> coast over the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn" title="Severn">Severn</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal" title="Tidal">tidal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>. Ideas for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">damming</a> or barraging the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_estuary" title="Severn estuary">Severn estuary</a> (and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>) have existed since the 19th century. The purposes of such a project has typically been one, or several of: transport links, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> protection, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour" title="Harbour">harbour</a> creation, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>
generation. In recent decades it is the latter that has grown to be the
primary focus for barrage ideas, and the others are now seen as useful
side-effects. The UK Government is currently undertaking a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Tidal_Power_Feasibility_Study" title="Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study">Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study</a> which will consider all tidal range technologies (including barrages, lagoons and others) in the Severn estuary.<br />
The building of such a barrage would be a huge engineering feat,
comparable with some of the world's biggest construction projects. The
huge size and cost of most of the ideas over the years are what have
kept plans firmly on the drawing board.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Early_projects"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early projects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Bondi_Committee_.E2.80.93_1981"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bondi Committee – 1981</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Hooker_or_Shoots_Barrage_.E2.80.93_1987"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hooker or Shoots Barrage – 1987</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Severn_Tidal_Power_Group_.E2.80.93_1989"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Severn Tidal Power Group – 1989</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Severn_Tidal_Reef_.E2.80.93_2007"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Severn Tidal Reef – 2007</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Sustainable_Development_Commission_.E2.80.93_2007"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sustainable Development Commission – 2007</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#UK_Government_study_announced_.E2.80.93_2007"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">UK Government study announced – 2007</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Economic_impact"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Power_generation_potential"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Power generation potential</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Construction_costs"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Construction costs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Local_impact"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Local impact</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Environmental_impact"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Tidal_lagoon_alternative"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tidal lagoon alternative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Effects_of_different_site_locations"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Effects of different site locations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Trans-barrage_transport_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Trans-barrage transport links</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Opinions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Opinions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Backers"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Backers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#Opponents"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opponents</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
There have been numerous proposed projects over the years, initially
to provide a safe harbour and more recently to generate electricity.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early projects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_projects">Early projects</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasFulljamesSevernBarrage01.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ThomasFulljamesSevernBarrage01.jpg/220px-ThomasFulljamesSevernBarrage01.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasFulljamesSevernBarrage01.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Thomas Fulljames's own impression of his proposed Barrage</div>
</div>
</div>
In 1849 Thomas Fulljames, a civil engineer and the county surveyor for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> proposed a barrage from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachley" title="Beachley">Beachley</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust" title="Aust">Aust</a> (now the site of the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge" title="Severn Bridge">Severn Bridge</a>),
a span of just over 1 mile (1.6 km). Since this was before serious
electricity demand, the first proposals were based on the desire for a
large shipping harbour in the Severn Estuary, and also road and railway
transport and flood protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severn_River_Tidal_Power_Project_1921.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Severn_River_Tidal_Power_Project_1921.JPG/220px-Severn_River_Tidal_Power_Project_1921.JPG" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severn_River_Tidal_Power_Project_1921.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Diagram of a plan to harness tidal power on the River Severn circa 1921. Caption from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> Magazine 1921</div>
</div>
</div>
No action was taken on Fulljames's proposals and three quarters of a
century later, in 1925, an official study group was commissioned. An
awareness of the large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> of 14 metres (46 ft),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> second only to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> led to a proposal to generate 800 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt" title="Megawatt">Megawatt</a> (MW) of electricity at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Stones" title="English Stones">English Stones</a> and although considered technically possible, it was prevented on economic grounds (then costing £25 million).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The viability was tested a few years later in 1931 when Paul Shishkoff, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> immigrant, demonstrated a 300 horsepower (220 kW) prototype tidal generator at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-raeng_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-raeng-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>
It included a novel mechanism for spreading the power output over 24
hours. The full barrage was estimated at £5 million at the time.<br />
In 1933 the Severn Barrage Committee Report (HMSO) from a committee chaired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Brabazon_of_Tara" title="Baron Brabazon of Tara">Lord Brabazon</a> recommended that a 800 MW barrage across the English Stones area would be the best option.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The work was interrupted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and then revived in 1945 when engineers predicted an output of 2.2 terawatt hours (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWh" title="TWh">TWh</a>) per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> A further government study looked at barrage options in 1948 and estimated the construction costs at £60 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-raeng_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-raeng-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> By the time of the next study in 1953 the estimated cost had risen to £200 million.<br />
In 1971 a report by Dr Tom Shaw, a tidal Power expert and advocate proposed a barrage from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brean_Down" title="Brean Down">Brean Down</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavernock_Point" title="Lavernock Point">Lavernock Point</a>. The scheme was estimated to cost £500 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1975 the Central Electricity Generating Board (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEGB" title="CEGB">CEGB</a>), published a study with evidence from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_University" title="Bristol University">Bristol</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_University" title="Salford University">Salford universities</a> for the Secretary of State’s Advisory Council on Research and Development for Fuel and Power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>
As this was the era of cheap oil, the council established that a
barrage could not be economically viable unless the energy situation
deteriorated significantly.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bondi Committee &ndash; 1981">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bondi_Committee_.E2.80.93_1981">Bondi Committee – 1981</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrageMap.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SevernBarrageMap.jpg/220px-SevernBarrageMap.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrageMap.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Proposed location of Bondi Committee Barrage</div>
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After just such a deterioration (due to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian Revolution</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a>) the plans were reinvestigated by the <i>Severn Barrage Committee</i> in 1981. This committee was known as the "Bondi Committee" (after Professor Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a>).
The committee investigated 6 possible barrage locations, from English
Stones at the top of the estuary, down to a location largely at sea in
the Bristol Channel between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmouth" title="Lynmouth">Lynmouth</a> in North Devon and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcawl" title="Porthcawl">Porthcawl</a> in South Wales. It produced a major energy paper,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup>
which recommended a 10 miles (16 km) long barrage of concrete
powerhouse between Brean Down and Lavernock Point, sluice and plain
caissons together with sand and rock-fill embankments. It would have
generated 7,200 MW on the flow of the tides (the largest barrage
considered could have produced double that power output). This set of
plans was strongly built on a few years later by the Severn Tidal Power
Group.<br />
In 1984 Wimpey Atkins proposed a smaller barrage at English Stones,
in the hope of creating a smaller more economically viable project that
would avoid the environmental impact of a large barrage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hooker or Shoots Barrage &ndash; 1987">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hooker_or_Shoots_Barrage_.E2.80.93_1987">Hooker or Shoots Barrage – 1987</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShootsBarrage.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ShootsBarrage.jpg/220px-ShootsBarrage.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Cross section of Shoots Barrage turbine housing</div>
</div>
</div>
This Wimpey Atkins 1984 study was criticised because it did not tackle the issue of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silting" title="Silting">silting</a> and in 1987 <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Hooker&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Arthur Hooker (page does not exist)">Arthur Hooker</a> OBE (a former partner of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS_Atkins" title="WS Atkins">WS Atkins</a>) in conjunction with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff" title="Parsons Brinckerhoff">Parsons Brinckerhoff</a> prepared a revised barrage proposed at English Stones to better tackle this issue.<br />
Parsons Brinckerhoff further updated their earlier proposal in 2006
and current estimates for this barrage (now known as the "Shoots
Barrage") would cost £1.4 to £1.8 billion to build, and generate
2.75 TWh of power per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> At the highest tidal range, it would develop a peak output of 1,050 MW, and 313 MW output on average throughout the year.<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShootsBarrage02.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ShootsBarrage02.jpg/220px-ShootsBarrage02.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShootsBarrage02.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Cross section of embankment</div>
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The barrage would be located just below the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing" title="Second Severn Crossing">Second Severn Crossing</a> – i.e. above <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> on the estuary – and so much smaller locks would be needed for upstream access to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpness" title="Sharpness">Sharpness</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> docks as the large ports of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portbury" title="Portbury">Portbury</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a> would be unaffected.<br />
Like the STPG proposal, Hooker generates only on the ebb tide.
Construction time would be four years. It would be built of rock fill
embankment at the coastal sides (more like the proposals for "Tidal
Lagoons"), but like the STPG would be sluice caissons and turbines with
powerhouse in the middle section.<br />
In April 2009 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats" title="Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> produced a report called "A Tidal Solution - The Way Forward" <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup>
that backed the Shoots Barrage along with a number of additional
measures for power generation in the Severn Estuary. In September 2009
the report was adopted by the Lib Dem party conference as official party
policy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Severn Tidal Power Group &ndash; 1989">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Severn_Tidal_Power_Group_.E2.80.93_1989">Severn Tidal Power Group – 1989</span></h3>
The £4.2 million study by Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG) built on
the work of the Severn Barrage Committee, but also examined other
possible barrages, and produced another major energy paper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>
They concluded that the 1981 plans were the best location for a
barrage, but calculated that the power output could be larger, at
8,640 MW during flow, or 2,000 MW average power. This would provide
17 TWh of power per year (about 6% of UK consumption), equivalent to
about 18 million tons of coal or 3 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_station" title="Nuclear power station">nuclear reactors</a>.
The cost in 1989 was calculated to be about £8 billion (£12 billion in
2006 money – about the same as six nuclear reactors, but different
lifespan), and running costs would be £70 million per year (about the
same as 1.5 nuclear reactors).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrageProfile.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SevernBarrageProfile.jpg/220px-SevernBarrageProfile.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Diagram of the STPG Barrage</div>
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</div>
The barrage would use existing technology as used in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_tidal_power_plant" title="Rance tidal power plant">Rance tidal barrage</a> in France, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Royal_Generating_Station" title="Annapolis Royal Generating Station">Annapolis Royal Generating Station</a>
in Canada and the Netherlands sea barrages. Power would be most
efficiently generated only in the flow direction, and this effect on
tidal range would mean that the tidal extent would be halved by losing
the low tide rather than the high tide. That is, that the tide would
only go out as far as the current tidal mid-point, but high tides would
be unaffected (unless the barrage was deliberately closed to prevent
flooding).<br />
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrageCaissons.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="139" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SevernBarrageCaissons.jpg/220px-SevernBarrageCaissons.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrageCaissons.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Construction in prefab caissons</div>
</div>
</div>
The barrage would contain 216 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbines" title="Turbines">turbines</a> each generating 40 MW for the 8,640 MW total. Arrays of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluices" title="Sluices">sluices</a> would let the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a>
in and then close to force it out through the turbines after the tide
has gone out some distance outside the barrage. This deliberate building
of a <i>head</i> on the water builds pressure that makes the turbines more efficient.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
The barrage would contain a set of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lock" title="Canal lock">shipping locks</a>, designed to handle the largest <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ships" title="Container ships">container vessels</a>.
Construction would take about eight years and would require 35,000
employees at peak build time. The minimum lifespan of the barrage would
be 120 years (about three times that of a nuclear reactor), but could
easily be 200 years if decent maintenance was performed.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrage-ArtistsView.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SevernBarrage-ArtistsView.jpg/220px-SevernBarrage-ArtistsView.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SevernBarrage-ArtistsView.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Artist's impression of aerial view of STPG Barrage</div>
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The STPG appraisal concluded that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> generated from the barrage would make the scheme economically viable if given certain "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_movement" title="Ecology movement">green</a>" advantages, and that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> impact was acceptable.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government did not accept this, and shelved the plans. However, since then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> has radically altered the public perception of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental damage</a>; and soaring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> and energy costs have made the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> of the barrage much more favourable.<br />
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</td>
<td class="mbox-text">This article <b>may need to be updated</b>.
Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available
information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Severn_Barrage" title="Talk:Severn Barrage">talk page</a> for more information. <small><i>(March 2010)</i></small></td>
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The advent of renewable energy discounts favours electricity generated from "green" sources; and in addition, much lower <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rates" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a> make the cost of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">loans</a>
much lower, and long-term financing of such massive projects is now
more viable. Consequently, there have been renewed calls for these plans
to be re-appraised.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Severn Tidal Reef &ndash; 2007">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Severn_Tidal_Reef_.E2.80.93_2007">Severn Tidal Reef – 2007</span></h3>
Evans Engineering (Joseph Evans & Sons Limited) have released plans for what they call a Severn Tidal "Reef".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>
This is a novel structure which aims to overcome the environmental
side-effects of a barrage, and can be conceptualised as being half-way
between a barrage and a tidal "fence" (a linked string of tidal-stream
turbines). The designer, Rupert Evans, had previously worked on a tidal
fence proposal, but since dismissed it as unworkable. The reef reduces
environmental impact by working with a much smaller "head" of water—just
2 metres (6.6 ft)—thereby reducing the impact of the structure on the
estuary water and flow. The smaller head means that the water velocity
is much lower and more lower power turbines are required. The load
factor will be higher, partly because of the generation being both ebb
and flow and the total energy output should (according to a recent
report by W.S.Atkins commissioned by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">RSPB</a>)
be significantly greater than for the Cardiff-Weston Barrage, and is in
part a result of siting the structure at the "outer" Minehead to
Aberthaw line, which roughly doubles the volume of tidal water
available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sustainable Development Commission &ndash; 2007">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sustainable_Development_Commission_.E2.80.93_2007">Sustainable Development Commission – 2007</span></h3>
On 1 October 2007, the UK's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Commission" title="Sustainable Development Commission">Sustainable Development Commission</a> (SDC) published a report looking at the potential of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> in the UK,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sdcom_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-sdcom-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup>
including proposals for a Severn barrage. The report draws on a series
of five evidence-based reports, one of which summarises all the
available evidence from previous studies on a number of Severn barrage
options, but focusing on the Cardiff-Weston and the Shoots schemes. The
SDC also commissioned a programme of public and stakeholder engagement,
which included a national opinion poll and a series of local and
regional workshops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The SDC gave its support to the building of a Severn barrage, providing a number of strict conditions were met. These include:<br />
<ul>
<li>A Severn barrage should be publicly led as a project and publicly
owned as an asset to avoid short-term decisions and ensure the long-term
public interest</li>
<li>Full compliance with the EU <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_Directive" title="Birds Directive">Birds Directives</a> is vital, as is a long-term commitment to creating compensatory habitats on an unprecedented scale</li>
<li>Development of a Severn barrage must not divert Government attention away from much wider action on climate change</li>
</ul>
The SDC also raised the challenge of viewing the requirement for
compensatory habitat as an "environmental opportunity", through the
potential to combine a climate change mitigation project with the
adaptation that will be required to respond to the effects of climate
change. A publicly led project would enable the use of a low <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_rate" title="Discount rate">discount rate</a>
(2%), which would result in a competitive cost of electricity, and
would limit the economic impact of even a very large-scale compensatory
habitats package. Electricity production costs are not competitive if a
commercial discount rate is applied.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UK Government study announced &ndash; 2007">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="UK_Government_study_announced_.E2.80.93_2007">UK Government study announced – 2007</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Tidal_Power_Feasibility_Study" title="Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study">Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study</a></div>
A two year feasibility study was announced in late 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> a the terms of reference were announced on 22 January 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>
following the publication of the Turning the Tide report from the
Sustainable Development Commission. This study builds upon past studies
and focuses on a variety of tidal range technologies including barrages
and lagoons, and innovative designs such as a tidal fence and a tidal
reef in the Severn estuary.<br />
The study, previously lead by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutton_%28Labour_MP%29" title="John Hutton (Labour MP)">John Hutton</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Enterprise_and_Regulatory_Reform" title="Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform">Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform</a>, is now being lead by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change">Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change</a>.<br />
The study aims to gather and assess evidence to enable the Government
to decide whether it could support a tidal power scheme in the Severn
Estuary and if so on what basis. Key work areas involved are:<br />
<ul>
<li>The environmental impacts on biodiversity and wildlife; flood management; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>; water quality; landscape and compensatory habitat;</li>
<li>Engineering and technical areas such as options appraisal; costs;
energy yield, design and construction, links to the National Grid and
supply chain;</li>
<li>Economic considerations – financing; ownership and energy market impacts;</li>
<li>The regional social, economic and business impacts;</li>
<li>Planning and consents – regulatory compliance; and</li>
<li>Stakeholder engagement and communication.</li>
</ul>
The feasibility study concluded its first phase when a public
consultation was launched on 26 January 2009. The consultation covered a
proposed short-list of potential tidal power project options from an
initial list of 10 schemes, processes that were undertaken during
shortlisting and the proposed scope of the Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA). The SEA is a formal environmental assessment of plans
or programmes which are likely to have significant effects on the
environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff" title="Parsons Brinckerhoff">Parsons Brinckerhoff</a>
(PB) has been appointed to manage this part of the project. The process
is guided by a stakeholder steering group. The study will culminate in a
full public consultation in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In July 2009 the Government response to consultation confirmed
detailed study would be carried out in the second phase on the 5 schemes
that were proposed for short-listing in January. It also announced work
to bring forward 3 further schemes that are in the very early stages of
development. In September 2010, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>
reported that the government intended to rule out the possibility of
public funding for a complete barrage, while recommending that further
feasibility studies be carried out on smaller projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic impact">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Power generation potential">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Power_generation_potential">Power generation potential</span></h3>
The Severn Barrage plans would provide a predictable source of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energy" title="Green energy">green energy</a> during lifetime of the scheme, 5% of the UK's output from the 10-mile version.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup>
This could reduce the cost of meeting UK’s renewable energy targets,
and help the UK to meet such targets, including those to tackle climate
change.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sdcom_18-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-sdcom-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup>
This is because of the few carbon emissions associated with the plan,
because unlike conventional power generation, the Severn Barrage plans
do not involve the combustion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.
A consequence of this plan is that the carbon payback time—the time it
takes for saved carbon emissions (those produced by generating the same
amount of power in other ways) to outstrip those produced during
construction— could be as little as four-and-a-half months, although
likely to be around six.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
It could continue to operate for around 120 years,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sdcom_18-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-sdcom-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> compared with 30–40 years for nuclear power plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> An additional benefit would be to improve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sdcom_18-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-sdcom-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
However, although power supply is predictable, peaks in generation
from the barrage do not necessarily coincide with peaks in demand. There
are two major <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_cycle" title="Tidal cycle">tidal cycles</a> affecting power output:<br />
<ul>
<li>semi-diurnal cycle: the familiar daily rise and fall of the sea with
a full cycle every 24 hours and 50 minutes, with two high and low
tides, giving maximum power generation opportunities a few hours after
each of the two high tides;</li>
<li>spring-neap cycle: a 29.5 day tidal range cycle with the lowest
power days producing about 25% of the power of the highest power days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TidalPowerintheUK-pages25.2C77_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-TidalPowerintheUK-pages25.2C77-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
Just under eight hours per day of generation time is expected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TidalPowerintheUK-pages25.2C77_29-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-TidalPowerintheUK-pages25.2C77-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
This cyclic power generation pattern could negatively affect economics and efficiency of other power generators and additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_%28UK%29" title="National Grid (UK)">power transmission lines</a> that will only be cyclically utilized.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction costs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_costs">Construction costs</span></h3>
The estimated costs of the most recent plans are huge. Figures are as high as £23 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Recent studies <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup>
have suggested that the smaller short-listed options could be privately
financed, and so in effect the matter of cost and risk becomes a
private one between the building <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> and their banks. Schemes of the scale of Cardiff-Weston are likely to require significant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> involvement. If the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>
feel that a smaller project is viable and decide to lend the money at
an acceptable cost of finance then the projects will go ahead (subject
to planning and other approvals). None of this cost would directly fall
on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a>-payer but any support mechanism for the tidal power would be likely to fall on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>.
There would though be secondary knock-on costs from the tidal power
project that might be met by the tax-payer, such as modifying existing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>,
provision of compensatory habitat and dealing with environmental
change. However, these would be offset by the positive knock-on effects,
such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>
protection - which would have otherwise also cost tax-payer money.
Whether the parties actually decided to exchange money for these
knock-on effects would be a matter for Government negotiation.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local impact">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Local_impact">Local impact</span></h3>
Any large-scale barrage would create leisure-friendly water conditions behind it. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> protection would be provided by the barrage, covering the vulnerable Severn estuary from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surges" title="Storm surges">storm surges</a> from the sea. New road and/or rail <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>
links could be built across a barrage if demand rises in the future, as
outlined below. Any barrage could provide a boost to the local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> — construction industry in the short term, tourism and infrastructure in the long term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ice_.C2.A314_Billion_Tidal_Barrage_Proposed_for_Severn_Estuary_32-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-ice_.C2.A314_Billion_Tidal_Barrage_Proposed_for_Severn_Estuary-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping" title="Shipping">shipping</a> would have to navigate <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lock" title="Canal lock">locks</a>,
and existing estuary industries, including fisheries, would be damaged
and jobs lost. All industrial discharges into the River Severn (e.g.
from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>) would have to be reassessed.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</span></h2>
The Severn Estuary is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a>
due to the European importance of its ecology. The inter-tidal area
provides food for over 85,000 migratory and wintering water birds, and
represents 7% of the UK's total estuaries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSI) on the islands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc-about_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-bbc-about-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steep_Holm" title="Steep Holm">Steep Holm</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Barrage was not supported in the 2003 Energy Review due to
"strong environmental concerns" (The same paper also described nuclear
power as "an unattractive option").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSPB" title="RSPB">RSPB</a>
opposes any Severn Barrage because of the effect it will have the
feeding grounds 85,000 birds depend on, stating "The impact a barrage
would have is huge. This is one of the most important sites in the UK
for wild birds and the chances of them surviving if it went ahead are
fairly slim. There wouldn't be enough room left for all the birds and
there wouldn't be enough food for those that remained. The estuary is
one of the UK's most important sites for water birds and its wildlife
value must be taken fully into account."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-badforbirds_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-badforbirds-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReducedTurbidity.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="358" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ReducedTurbidity.jpg/220px-ReducedTurbidity.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReducedTurbidity.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Possible effect of turbidity reductions in Severn Estuary</div>
</div>
</div>
The present strong <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal" title="Tidal">tidal</a> currents in the estuary serve to lift up <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> and so keep the water thick with fine particles. This blocks light-penetration and means that the Severn Estuary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine</a> environment is actually a relative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, in terms of both plant and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The barrage will not create a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>"
- as both opponents and supporters have sometimes claimed. Tidal power
stations by definition require that the tide flows through the barrage,
but the tidal range in the Severn would be halved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-badforbirds_37-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-badforbirds-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> There are claims that the migration of fish would be hampered, but these are contested. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_bore" title="Severn bore">Severn bore</a> would also be weakened or eliminated. Any barrage would be likely to stimulate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> in some areas, and create a negative visual impact upon the landscape (subjective, similar to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbines" title="Wind turbines">wind turbines</a>).
There would also be negative consequences of the huge amount of
concrete (and other materials) needed, with the quarrying of stone
likely to impact on other areas.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFRA" title="DEFRA">DEFRA</a> claims that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental effects</a> of the barrage still need more analysis before final conclusions can be drawn. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Commission" title="Sustainable Development Commission">Sustainable Development Commission</a>
is investigating UK tidal resources, including tidal power in the
Severn Estuary and its environmental impact, and should report mid-2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tidal lagoon alternative">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tidal_lagoon_alternative">Tidal lagoon alternative</span></h3>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a>
support the idea of tidal power, but oppose barrages because of the
environmental impact. They have proposed their own plans based on the
concept of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal" title="Tidal">tidal</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoons" title="Lagoons">lagoons</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lagoon_40-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-lagoon-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> whereby man-made lagoons in the estuary would fill and drain through <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbines" title="Turbines">turbines</a>.
Their proposals would include lagoons covering up to 60% of the area
covered by the barrage, which in some smaller configurations would not
impound water in the ecologically sensitive inter-tidal areas of the
estuary. The lagoons could be sub-divided so power would be generated at
more states of the tide than a barrage, with lower peak output, giving
economic advantages to set against the higher construction cost of
longer barriers. This idea is based on a prototype now being designed at
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> bay. However leading figures in the construction industry are sceptical that the lagoons can be economic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lagoon-response_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-lagoon-response-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
A set of Tidal lagoons known as the "Russell Lagoon concept" were
studied and dismissed by the 1981 Bondi Committee report, rejected on
the grounds of both economics and environmental damage. Studies
suggested that tidal currents around and between the lagoons would
become extremely fierce and damaging.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severn_Barrage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Effects of different site locations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Effects_of_different_site_locations">Effects of different site locations</span></h3>
One of the complicating factors in assessing the impacts of a barrage
is the large number of possible locations and sizes for the barrage.
Generally, the larger the barrage the bigger its environmental impact,
and the bigger the amount of energy it could create - and therefore the
bigger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offset" title="Carbon offset">carbon offset</a> it could have by way of its renewable power generation.<br />
The largest barrages (sited beyond <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinkley_Point" title="Hinkley Point">Hinkley Point</a> and towards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead" title="Minehead">Minehead</a> on the English side and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberthaw" title="Aberthaw">Aberthaw</a>
on the Welsh side) would significantly affect the entire Severn Estuary
and much of the Bristol Channel, but could generate 15 GW peak power
and protect the whole of the Somerset levels against flooding and
sea-level rise caused by Global Warming. The smallest barrages (sited at
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust" title="Aust">Aust</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow" title="Chepstow">Chepstow</a>) would affect only the river and estuary in Gloucestershire, but would also only generate perhaps 0.75 GW peak power.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-12436599811120856612010-09-19T04:15:00.001-07:002010-09-19T04:15:32.938-07:00PetroleumPetroleum
The recent discovery of oil and gas fields in the area is providing new economic opportunities.
The oil/gas fields are found in several locations, including Banyu Urip, Alas Dara, Alas Tua West, Alas Tua East, Jambaran, Cendana (ExxonMobil 45%, Pertamina 45%, local companies 10%) - under Joint Operating Agreement) and Sukowati (Operated under Joint Operating Body - Petrochina Pertamina East Java).
The Banyu Urip oil and gas field has provenoil reserves of over 250 million barrels, with peak production of about 165,000 barrels per day, accounting for 20 percent of the present national crude oil production.[17]
The main exploration started officially when a cooperative contract signed on September 17, 2005 with Mobil Cepu Ltd., a subsidiary of ExxonMobil as main operator. A Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between state oil company Pertamina was signed in March 2006. Pertamina and ExxonMobil concluded 30-year production-sharing contract in which each company would share 45 percent interest in the block. The remaining 10 percent would go to the local governments.[18] Foreign companies, mainly from China, have started to invest in Bojonegoro in various projects related with the planned exploration and exploitation of the Cepu Block oil fields with total value of US$8 million.[19] According to the former minister and ambassador to the United States, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti, Tuban and Bojonegoro would resemble Texas, because of its gas and oil resources.[20]
Communities in Bojonegoro has benefited from community development projects by foreign companies like ExxonMobil, which have built houses of worship, schools, community health centers, and infrastructure.[21] However, oil production is becoming a source of controversy.
A number of Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPD) members grouped in the People's Front for the Salvation of the Cepu Block (GRPBC) have called for the cancellation of the Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between the government and ExxonMobil on the Cepu Block oil fields. They demand it to be cancelled because the agreement had been signed "in an atmosphere rife with suspected corruption, collusion and nepotism, and on the basis of a public lie" and will make the Indonesian government lose US$1.32 billion of revenue. [22] And Now, New Bojonegoro Leader (Bupati Bojonegoro) are waiting for new re-agreement with ExxonMobil to avoid corruption, collusion and nepotism.
Oil exploration and production activity has also caused several accidents. On August 31, 2006, a gas leak in Sukowati-5 oil well (Operated by JOB Pertamina Petrochina East Java) released hydrogen sulfide gas to residential areas. At least 16 villagers had to be treated for suffocation because of the gas inhalation.[23]
The environmental effects of the oil industry have become a concern of Bojonegoro residents. Some villagers claimed the presence of the oil well has not caused any improvement of the local economy and the village. Since the exploration of the Sukowati oil well in an area measuring five hectares in July 2005, the village's land has become drier and harvest significantly reduced.[24] There is also concern that income distribution inequality could cause social unrest, when compounded with the Indonesian notorious reputation of corruption.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-6205073657286874482010-09-16T22:34:00.000-07:002010-09-16T22:42:38.060-07:00Top 3 Tourist Spots in Jakarta By Amin Cheng<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0VHAf5zdD1q0wtS8to8nLbV9trs8qpoyH7vNcbJPIeIi8XUYDIECHzPxht4bxpjJ8JZ1P8x-qDbT_wj0IOkjPiH1-kAIEZUdgIniaOJ6EbqCu9IG7l2FVDPnQLGy0fO_0qCPmtfyPBA/s1600/Mobile_SCRS+%2830%29.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0VHAf5zdD1q0wtS8to8nLbV9trs8qpoyH7vNcbJPIeIi8XUYDIECHzPxht4bxpjJ8JZ1P8x-qDbT_wj0IOkjPiH1-kAIEZUdgIniaOJ6EbqCu9IG7l2FVDPnQLGy0fO_0qCPmtfyPBA/s320/Mobile_SCRS+%2830%29.gif" /></a></div>
Bounded to the south by the low Bogor Hills and the north by the Java Sea, Indonesia's capital Jakarta has always been the focus of the country's changing political scene. Jakarta is the most populous city of the country and spreads over 661 square kilometers in the northern java. It has emerged as an attractive tourist destination as the city boosts fascinating tourist spots. Lodging and accommodation facilities in the capital have always been cheap and reasonable. Jakarta apartments and hotels are located at prime location and are marked with exquisite facilities. Moreover, Jakarta apartments are also available to suit all range and needs.<br />
<br />
Jakarta is simply a stunning place which can be visited all the year round. The place has the perfect blends of architecture and culture and is often described as a mixture of New Delhi and Bangkok. It has always been a representative of Indonesian history and culture. The flights to Jakarta are always over booked as visitors from all across the world make prior reservations to discover the fascinating friendly city and the best sights of south East Asia.<br />
<br />
The city has plenty of attractions and tourists, which will definitely mesmerize you. The capital has some of the finest museums of the south East Asia. Your trip will remain incomplete if you fail to visit the Wayang Museum, the Maritime Museum and the National Museum. The top 3 tourist spots of the city -<br />
<br />
National Museum - The National Museum is one of the best places to visit if you want to discover the ancient heritage, historic details, anthropological evolution or the archaeological minutes. In simple terms, National Museum of Jakarta is an archeological, ethnological, historical and geographical Indonesian museum. The museum has been preserving the history of the country for the last two centuries. It has a collection of 61, 6000 anthropological and prehistoric artifacts. The museum also boosts a large collection of Textile, Bronze, Ceramics, Ethnography, Stone sculpture and Numismatics. Visitors also get to see more than 1, 00,000 cultural objects, and hence make their trip worthwhile.<br />
<br />
Ragunan Zoo - Ragunan Zoo has always been a must visit in the list of all the tourists. The zoo is spread over a large area of 10 hectors and exhibits more than 550 species of tropical plants clubbed with roughly 3000 animals from the country and the rest of the world. People from all the corners of the world fly to the capital to see the large variety of animals of the zoo. You can see animals like Java tiger, Komodo Lizard, wild ox, banteng, anoa and many vibrant colorful birds. The zoo is visited by roughly three million visitors every year.<br />
<br />
Glodok - Glodok is a part of the city which is commonly addressed as Chinatown. This place is characterized with traditional small shops, fantastic restaurants, several houses and small streets. If you are interested to buy cheap electronic products, hardware and varied Chinese novelty merchandise, then there could be no better place than this.<br />
<br />
Are you visiting Jakarta or planning to? Then you must choose from these classy Jakarta apartment.<br />
Renting a Jakarta apartment is ideal for your vacation.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-34441451854070921982010-09-16T22:31:00.000-07:002010-09-16T22:31:00.827-07:00Calm River Water Flow By Hasmukh Amathalal Platinum Quality AuthorRivers are calm when flow quietly<br />
You can hear from distance very gently<br />
It touches the bank and flows silently<br />
The constant move is on relentlessly<br />
<br />
Rivers are named as mother too<br />
It has proved very true<br />
It can effectively prove as water way<br />
They will be there for dominant play<br />
<br />
Rivers continue to create fever<br />
She has been dreaded with fear<br />
When she has water flow and is in spate<br />
No amount of words can help to state<br />
<br />
Some rives are considered as death rivers<br />
They bring catastrophes and shivers<br />
They are feared most in people's mind<br />
They may be dangerous and so much unkind<br />
<br />
Our lives are totally dependent on small or big<br />
In every season she will make a dig<br />
She will be like virgin lady<br />
Rushing to meet her nice buddy<br />
<br />
Every thing to face ruin on the way<br />
She has still decisive role to play<br />
It can be considered as our life line<br />
She is kind, calm and always fine<br />
<br />
When bloody wars were waged on the banks?<br />
Many ships were made to sink<br />
The blood continued to flow in the crystal water<br />
Still men did not turn out to be hater<br />
<br />
River has witnessed rise and fall of the empires<br />
They continued to fight for lands to acquire<br />
What made them to run for bloody race?<br />
It was unclear from any angle to asses the case<br />
<br />
Rivers may leave behind very good imprint<br />
She may come and go with sound warning and hint<br />
It is our misfortune that we are unable to control<br />
Plenty of water to be enjoyed while on stroll<br />
<br />
hasmukh amathalalbojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-55512858452832994282010-09-16T22:28:00.000-07:002010-09-16T22:28:06.307-07:00bojonegoro barragetoday morning i want to share my eksperiance, yesterday about " mudik " <br />
yes... this words is from indonesian java leanguage. mudik is only in indonesia nation<br />
because more people indonesia make live with urbanitation, imigration, transmigration, and work or place in onother island, or country<br />
<br />
<br />
more worker inddonesian in malaysia, arab saudi, qatar, japan, german eropa, mayb in africa<br />
<br />
in regional is sumatra, kalimantan island , papua , or sulawesi, but most in big cyti in java example in jakarta, surabaya, abandung and semarang or jogjakarta<br />
<br />
<br />
worker or study<br />
<br />
<br />
we want go to home my born place with economic class is train or bus<br />
but traim is more cheapbojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-65804034901604498502010-09-15T07:13:00.001-07:002010-09-15T07:13:28.326-07:00BOJONEGORO TOURISMBOJONEGORO TOURISM<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro regency is rich of tourism objects and culture tour. Most of the population of Bojonegoro regency is work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile. The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of Bengawan Solo River.<br />
<br />
There are some communities that live in Bojonegoro regency. One of distinctive communities in Bojonegoro is ‘Samin People’. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people. However, they follow a unique communalism movement. Currently, the Samin people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro regency, in the middle of its teak forest.<br />
<br />
Beside that, Bojonegoro is also known for its traditional culture. There some traditional culture of Bojonegoro regency that popular in domestic and foreign tourists.<br />
<br />
Tayub<br />
Tayub is companionship dance that very popular in Bojonegoro people and around it. This dance usually done by men and accompanied with Gamelan instrument and Javanese songs that sang by ‘Waranggono’. The lyric is usually filled of an advice or instruction. This dance show is common used to fill an event that held by Bojonegoro people or the other traditional event. Commonly, in doing the event, this Tayub dance are has coordinate in a certain group with its each name. Usually, this Tayub dance groups are located in Temayang district and Bubulan district that located about 30 km of Bojonegoro city.<br />
<br />
<br />
Wayang Thengul (Thengul Puppet)<br />
Thengul Puppet is Bojonegoro typical puppet in 3 dimension form and accompanied by the Javanese instrument (Gamelan) named Pelog / Slendro. Even though, this Thengul Puppet are seldom to show, but its existence is always take carefull in Bojonegoro regency, especially in Kanor district that about 40 km of Bojonegoro city. Otherwise, the story of this puppet is taking from ‘Menak’ story.<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro regency is also rich for the crafting. Souvenir crafting of Rendeng village, Malo district, about 25 km of Bojonegoro city, is very famous to the tourists. To reach the location, it can reach with two-wheel vehicle or four-wheel vehicle. The crafting are saving box formed tiger, cow, rabbit, etc. While the statue crafting that located in Banaran village, Malo district such as; cow statue, deer statue, rabbit statue, etc.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-7393275010956848222010-08-28T06:16:00.001-07:002010-08-28T06:16:57.249-07:00BOJONEGORO PRODUCTS<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,29,0" height="100" width="560"> <param name="movie" value="flash/bojonegoro.swf"> <param name="quality" value="high"> <embed src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/flash/bojonegoro.swf" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="100"></object></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="main"><div align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>BOJONEGORO PRODUCTS</b></span></div><div align="left"><a href="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/ledre/index.html"><img align="left" border="0" height="112" hspace="10" src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/ledre/preview/ledre_01.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /></a>Bojonegoro is one of East Java regency that famous with its own products. Many people want to visit Bojonegoro because it has special food called "Ledre" and its special fruit called "Salak Wedi".</div><div align="left"><b>Ledre</b><br />
Ledre is kind of snack, typical of Bojonegoro. It formed gapit ( like rolled chips emping) with sweet plantain aroma. The nice one is banana taste. It is special snack from Bojonegoro that made of sugar, flour, and banana. The snack has rolled, so that it looks like a stick. Ledre with banana taste has become the favorite snack of the most visitors. It's feel not complete if visit Bojonegoro without buy some Ledre.</div><div align="left"><b>Salak Wedi (Salacca Zalacca Fruit)</b><br />
<a href="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/salakwedi/index.html"><img align="right" border="0" height="100" hspace="10" src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/salakwedi/preview/salak_wedi_08.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /></a>Salak Wedi taste is beloved, delicious and fresh. Those trees can be met in every lawn of resident house in Wedi village and its surroundings. The difference of Salak Wedi compared with other Salak, such as; Salak Pondoh, is its water content that make Salak Wedi fresher. This Salacca Zalacca fruit called Salak Wedi, because the skin looks like sand and the fruit is smaller then the other Salak. Salak Wedi comes from Javanese language, means Salacca Zalacca fruit looks like sand (Wedi = Sand, Javanese language).http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/products.html</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-55287560668958902012010-08-28T06:15:00.001-07:002010-08-28T06:15:58.280-07:00FURNITURE & HANDICRAFT<div align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>FURNITURE & HANDICRAFT</strong></span></div><div align="left"><a href="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/kasiman/index.html"><img align="left" border="0" height="112" hspace="10" src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/antique/preview/antique_furniture_02.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /></a>Furniture & Handicraft Beside its food and tourism object, Bojonegoro also famous with its furniture and handicraft products. Bojonegro also known as one of teak wood producer in Java island, because Bojonegoro has big and wide teak forest. So, it is not surprise if this regency has many furniture and handicraft industry that made of teak wood.</div><div align="left"><strong>Antique Furniture</strong><br />
<a href="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/antique/index.html"><img align="right" border="0" height="100" hspace="10" src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/antique/preview/antique_furniture_10.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /></a>One of furniture industry in Bojonegoro is Antique Furniture. This is the famous furniture industry in Bojonegoro that produces many kind of indoor and outdoor furniture. It made of high quality of Teak wood and made by professional craftsmen. It called antique furniture because it has unique and antique form with various design of furniture. You can try to visit Bojonegoro and get this original Teak wood furniture.</div><div align="left"><strong>Handicraft</strong><br />
<a href="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/malo/index.html"><img align="left" border="0" height="100" hspace="10" src="http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/galleries/kasiman/preview/kasiman_handicraft_12.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /></a>The other Bojonegoro products is handicraft. The center of this handicraft is located in Kasiman district, Bojonegoro. You can find many handicraft that made of teak wood, coconut tree, coconut shell, and the other material. Those handicraft products is made by professional craftsmen with various design and crafting, such as; wooden lamp, wall decoration, vas, miniature, etc. The visitors usually visit Bojonegoro and buy those handicrafts for souvenir.</div><div align="left"><strong>Terracotta</strong><br />
Bojonegoro really rich of handicrafts. The unique one is terracotta handicraft that made from mud. The handicraft is formed in animals form and painted with unique design. Those terracotta products can be use as house decoration or as a gift for your friend or family. The unique form and design of this terracotta products has attract many visitors to buy it. So that, there are many buyers from many area of Indonesia are come to Bojonegoro just want to buy this product.http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/furniture_handicraft.html</div>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-37732254936796076162010-08-28T06:14:00.001-07:002010-08-28T06:14:54.955-07:00BOJONEGORO TOURISMBojonegoro regency is rich of tourism objects and culture tour. Most of the population of Bojonegoro regency is work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile. The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of Bengawan Solo River. <br />
<div align="left">There are some communities that live in Bojonegoro regency. One of distinctive communities in Bojonegoro is ‘Samin People’. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people. However, they follow a unique communalism movement. Currently, the Samin people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro regency, in the middle of its teak forest.</div><div align="left">Beside that, Bojonegoro is also known for its traditional culture. There some traditional culture of Bojonegoro regency that popular in domestic and foreign tourists.<br />
</div><div align="left"><strong>Tayub</strong><br />
Tayub is companionship dance that very popular in Bojonegoro people and around it. This dance usually done by men and accompanied with Gamelan instrument and Javanese songs that sang by ‘Waranggono’. The lyric is usually filled of an advice or instruction. This dance show is common used to fill an event that held by Bojonegoro people or the other traditional event. Commonly, in doing the event, this Tayub dance are has coordinate in a certain group with its each name. Usually, this Tayub dance groups are located in Temayang district and Bubulan district that located about 30 km of Bojonegoro city. </div><div align="left"><br />
<strong>Wayang Thengul (Thengul Puppet)</strong><br />
Thengul Puppet is Bojonegoro typical puppet in 3 dimension form and accompanied by the Javanese instrument (Gamelan) named Pelog / Slendro. Even though, this Thengul Puppet are seldom to show, but its existence is always take carefull in Bojonegoro regency, especially in Kanor district that about 40 km of Bojonegoro city. Otherwise, the story of this puppet is taking from ‘Menak’ story. </div><div align="left">Bojonegoro regency is also rich for the crafting. Souvenir crafting of Rendeng village, Malo district, about 25 km of Bojonegoro city, is very famous to the tourists. To reach the location, it can reach with two-wheel vehicle or four-wheel vehicle. The crafting are saving box formed tiger, cow, rabbit, etc. While the statue crafting that located in Banaran village, Malo district such as; cow statue, deer statue, rabbit statue, etc.http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/</div>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-76172065265510864372010-08-28T05:49:00.001-07:002010-08-28T05:49:24.354-07:00Bojonegoro<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="text-align: left; width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 1.25em; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; width: 100%;"><span class="fn org">Bojonegoro</span></th> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #cddeff; text-align: center;">— <b><span class="category"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></span></b> —</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a>: <i>Bojonegoro Bangkit</i> (Rise Bojonegoro)</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0.7em; text-align: center;">Coordinates: <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks
nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" style="cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px;" title="show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bojonegoro&params=7_09_S_111_52_E_region:ID_type:city" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location"><span class="latitude">7°09′S</span> <span class="longitude">111°52′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location">7.15°S 111.867°E</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">-7.15; 111.867</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" style="cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px;" title="show location on an
interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bojonegoro&params=7_09_S_111_52_E_region:ID_type:city" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location"><span class="latitude">7°09′S</span> <span class="longitude">111°52′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this
location">7.15°S 111.867°E</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">-7.15; 111.867</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th>Country</th> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <th>Province</th> <td>East Java</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28political%29" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a></th> <td>Bojonegoro town</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>Government</b></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <th> - Regent</th> <td>Drs. H. Suyoto, Msi</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area" title="Area">Area</a></b></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <th> - Total</th> <td>934 km<sup>2</sup> (360.6 sq mi)</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">Elevation</a></b></td> <td>14 m (46 ft)</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b>Population</b> (2000)</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <th> - Total</th> <td>1,156,652</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <td> <b>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></b></td> <td>1,238.4/km<sup>2</sup> (3,207.4/sq mi)</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B7" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th>Website</th> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.bojonegorokab.go.id/" rel="nofollow">www.bojonegorokab.go.id</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-65126504015039197082010-08-28T05:47:00.000-07:002010-08-28T05:47:40.258-07:00BOJONEGORO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgThiLaxcUkAGpI2gsxyavly6TCWIOuzQyK8stuKcP66Bk0GR2lwyv6lBhY3_3VLTo1LWHBwXsHaogZ3siSIgZWKufxMN3_0vVjOmiWo5dwf61KBC5YPcShuDZ8_xbrxL2u2D1iADM8uss/s1600/250px-Bojonegoro_bengawan_solo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgThiLaxcUkAGpI2gsxyavly6TCWIOuzQyK8stuKcP66Bk0GR2lwyv6lBhY3_3VLTo1LWHBwXsHaogZ3siSIgZWKufxMN3_0vVjOmiWo5dwf61KBC5YPcShuDZ8_xbrxL2u2D1iADM8uss/s320/250px-Bojonegoro_bengawan_solo.jpg" /></a></div>Bojonegoro (older spelling Bodjanegara) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia, about 110 km west of Surabaya. Bojonegoro is located in the inland part of northern Java plain, on the banks of the Bengawan Solo river, the largest river in Java.<br />
<br />
Previously known as a major producer of teak and tobacco, Bojonegoro is currently becoming the focus of attention in Indonesia as a new oil field has been found in this area. This oil find in Bojonegoro is the biggest oil discovery in Indonesia in three decades[1] and one of the biggest reserve in Indonesia.[2]<br />
<br />
Geography<br />
Bengawan Solo River in Bojonegoro<br />
<br />
Across the eastern border of Bojonegoro is the Lamongan Regency, to the north is Tuban while to the south is Ngawi, Madiun, Nganjuk and Jombang. Blora is located to the west, in Central Java.<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro occupies an area of 934 km². Much of it consists of low plains along the river Bengawan Solo, with hilly areas in sothern part of the Regency. As with most of Java, the Bojonegoro landscape is dominated with rice paddy fields. In the Bojonegoro area, the Bengawan Solo river changes its course from northward to eastward.<br />
<br />
Climate in Bojonegoro is tropical with six months of rainy and dry seasons. Seasonal conditions are often very contrasting. In the rainy season, rain will fall almost daily while in dry season, rain will not come for months, causing widespread drought and water shortages.[3] This problems have been compounded with the lost of forest and other green areas. Teak forest was once covering much of Bojonegoro but has since considerably reduced due to over exploitation.<br />
<br />
Flood in rainy season of 2007 recently is much bigger than in previous years. Bengawan Solo river's water level is rise due to heavy rain, especially in upper valley in Central Java, forcing Gajahmungkur dam there to be opened. The resulting flood make 15 district submerged, with water as high as 1.5 m, and displacing 2,715 families. A further 2.544 ha rice fields is damaged. But fortunately no casualties are reported. [4]<br />
[edit] History<br />
Bojonegoro mosque<br />
<br />
The area near the Solo River is very fertile and has been settled since early history by the Javanese. However, these settlements never developed into a major urban center, except for several coastal cities. Rather, villages are dependent on a weekly market which rotates among them and bakul (traveling peddlers) who collect and distribute agricultural and manufactured products among the villages.<br />
<br />
The Bengawan Solo river played a major role in the development of these settlement. It acted as source of water and fertile soil, and a means of transportation. A set of copper plates of the Ferry Charter (1358 C.E.) lists over twenty ferry crossing on the lower stretch of the Bengawan Solo river, downstream from Bojonegoro. Inland settlement like this would trade agricultural products via trading centre in coastal cities, like neighbouring Tuban, for spices from Spice Islands, ceramics from China and other commodities.[5]<br />
<br />
The authority over these settlements, including the territory of modern-day Bojonegoro, was held by the dominant power in central Java, and later east Java, the kingdoms of Mataram, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit.<br />
<br />
As a territory in northern Java, the area of modern-day Bojonegoro was one of the first to accept Islam. The Bengawan Solo river area and most of Java would became part of the Sultanate of Demak and its successor the Sultanate of Mataram.<br />
<br />
The modern regency (kabupaten) was founded on October 20, 1677 with Mas Toemapel as the first Regent (Bupati), with capital in Jipang village (currently around Padangan subdistrict in the western most part of Bojonegoro). It was founded as a response to the loss of Mataram's coastal area to the Dutch East India Company. Bojonegoro than became important border town. In 1725 the capital was moved to its current location.<br />
Map of Bojonegoro town, East Java, Indonesia. Circa 1950<br />
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After Dutch complete takeover of Java in the 18th and 19th centuries, Bojonegoro and the neighbouring regencies of Tuban and Lamongan were administered under Bojonegoro Residency, with a Dutch Resident in Bojonegoro town. The resident acted as an advisor and supervisor to the regents, positions which were held by native Javanese nobility (priyayi).<br />
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During Dutch rule, tobacco and maize was introduced from the Americas, which would later became major commodities in Bojonegoro.<br />
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In 1894, the trans-Java railroad, which linked Batavia and Surabaya and passed through Bojonegoro, was finished, increasing transportation and improving the teak industry. Urbanisation also progressed under Dutch rule.<br />
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Since the Indonesian National Revolution, Bojonegoro regency is administered as part of East Java province, with RMT Suryo, the grandson of the former Bojonegoro regent as its first governor. in 1968 the first non-nobility Regent was elected. The current regent is Santoso, a former army officer. In 2008, Bojonegoro people will elect its first directly-elected Regent, following an amendment in the constitution.<br />
[edit] Demography and culture<br />
Hok Shwie Bio Confucian Temple<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro regency has a population of 1,156,652 people (As of 2000[update] census). Most are ethnic Javanese, with sizable minority of etnic Chinese, Balinese and other Indonesian ethnic groups. Most Javanese are Muslim, with small number belonging to various sects of Christianity. Ethnic Chinese follow various religions, often with an aspect of syncretism with traditional Chinese culture.<br />
<br />
Most of the population work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile.<br />
<br />
The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of Bengawan Solo river.<br />
[edit] Samin people<br />
<br />
One of distinctive communuities in Bojonegoro is Samin people. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people; however, they follow a unique communalism movement. Samin people are follower of Surosentiko Samin, a local farmer who preached pacifist resistance to Dutch colonial rule in the 1890s.[6] Samin was incited by acquisition of local teak forest by Dutch colonial authority. Dutch officials refused access to the forest for local people, as it was claimed as Dutch property. Rather than rising in a violent uprising, Samin taught peaceful resistance, such as refusing to pay taxes to the colonial authority, and continuing to take teak from the forest as they had for generations.[7]<br />
<br />
Samin people are nominally Muslim, but don't practice many Islamic rituals, such as fasting or regular prayer. Rather, they emphasize the spiritual aspect, as well as honesty, modesty and simplicity.[8] In this, they are similar to Kejawen followers.<br />
<br />
Currently Samin people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro, in the hearts of its teak forest. Samin people are also found in Blora Regency, Central Java, across the river Solo.<br />
[edit] Sports<br />
<br />
Football (soccer) and badminton are the most popular sports in Bojonegoro. The regency football team, Persibo Bojonegoro, is currently playing in the Premiere Division of Liga Indonesia. Their home stadium is Sudirman Stadium, Bojonegoro.[9] They were promoted from the First Division after winning it in 2007.<br />
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Badminton was either introduced by Dutch colonists or, more likely, by etnic Chinese. Ethnic Chinese in Sumatra introduced badminton from Malaya by inviting Chinese players in early 1930s. In the mid-1930s, a player from Batavia, Oei Kok Tjoan, visited cities in East Java on a number of occasions, raising the popularity of badminton. The game began to penetrate the small towns such as Tuban, Bojonegoro, Malang, and Jember, and became one of the most popular sports in Java.[10]<br />
<br />
However, the sport with the highest achievement in Bojonegoro is archery. Two of its archers, Puspitasari Rina Dewi[11] and I Gusti Nyoman Puruhito Praditya[11] have competing for many national and international archery competitions, including the 2004 Summer Olympics. As of October 2006, Puspitasari Rina Dewi is ranked 39th in the Recurve Women category with 59.95 points[12] Meanwhile Praditya is ranked 52 in the Compound Man category with 41.2 points.[13] Other Bojonegoro archers have also dominated national archery championships.<br />
[edit] Economy<br />
[edit] Agriculture<br />
<br />
Agriculture has been the regency's main product. The Bengawan Solo river provides fertile farming area for rice. The main crops are rice and tobacco, as well as maize. In 1984, the area of maize harvested reached 67,056 hectares with yields ranging from 1 to 1.28 t/ha.[14] A typical farmer grows rice in the rainy season, when water is abundant, and tobacco or maize in dry season. There is high risk in agriculture because of seasonal uncertainty. Rice growing will fail if the rainy season ends before its time, and tobacco growing will fail if rain comes early.<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro is one of the biggest producers of tobacco in Indonesia, with total value of Rp 1,2 trillion (around US$100 million) and employing 57 percent of workforce.[15] The majority of tobacco planted is Virginia varieties. However, Bojonegoro tobacco suffers from a high proportion of Cl,[16] and uncertain rainfall. Most tobacco is used to make clove cigarettes (kretek).<br />
[edit] Forestry<br />
<br />
Bojonegoro is also famous for its hardwood tree (teak) production. There is an annual Bojonegoro Teak Fair in late January to early February where local craftsmen display their products. Teak is high quality wood which strong and durable. Teak is mainly used in shipbuilding and furniture making. Teak forestry forms an inseparable part of life for many Bojonegoro residents. A teak cutter is called blandong in the local dialect.<br />
<br />
However, teak forestry has faced a major problem in illegal logging, as with other parts of Indonesia. In 2001 alone, the area looted covered 3,000 ha; looters stole an estimated 27,000 trees. The regional police reported impounding 550 large trucks of stolen timber, approximately 2,000 m³, with an estimated local market value of total of US $1,000,000. Several riots has happened when tension arise from teak claims and when police tried to enforce the law on local thieves.<br />
<br />
These riots were the worst during the period of turmoil between president Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri in 2001. However, after that situation calmed, enforcement became better, but illegal logging is still a significant problem, with police and bureaucratic officials often accused of cooperating with timber thieves.<br />
[edit] Petroleum<br />
<br />
The recent discovery of oil and gas fields in the area is providing new economic opportunities.<br />
<br />
The oil/gas fields are found in several locations, including Banyu Urip, Alas Dara, Alas Tua West, Alas Tua East, Jambaran, Cendana (ExxonMobil 45%, Pertamina 45%, local companies 10%) - under Joint Operating Agreement) and Sukowati (Operated under Joint Operating Body - Petrochina Pertamina East Java).<br />
<br />
The Banyu Urip oil and gas field has provenoil reserves of over 250 million barrels, with peak production of about 165,000 barrels per day, accounting for 20 percent of the present national crude oil production.[17]<br />
<br />
The main exploration started officially when a cooperative contract signed on September 17, 2005 with Mobil Cepu Ltd., a subsidiary of ExxonMobil as main operator. A Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between state oil company Pertamina was signed in March 2006. Pertamina and ExxonMobil concluded 30-year production-sharing contract in which each company would share 45 percent interest in the block. The remaining 10 percent would go to the local governments.[18] Foreign companies, mainly from China, have started to invest in Bojonegoro in various projects related with the planned exploration and exploitation of the Cepu Block oil fields with total value of US$8 million.[19] According to the former minister and ambassador to the United States, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti, Tuban and Bojonegoro would resemble Texas, because of its gas and oil resources.[20]<br />
<br />
Communities in Bojonegoro has benefited from community development projects by foreign companies like ExxonMobil, which have built houses of worship, schools, community health centers, and infrastructure.[21] However, oil production is becoming a source of controversy.<br />
<br />
A number of Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPD) members grouped in the People's Front for the Salvation of the Cepu Block (GRPBC) have called for the cancellation of the Joint Operation Agreement (JOA) between the government and ExxonMobil on the Cepu Block oil fields. They demand it to be cancelled because the agreement had been signed "in an atmosphere rife with suspected corruption, collusion and nepotism, and on the basis of a public lie" and will make the Indonesian government lose US$1.32 billion of revenue. [22] And Now, New Bojonegoro Leader (Bupati Bojonegoro) are waiting for new re-agreement with ExxonMobil to avoid corruption, collusion and nepotism.<br />
<br />
Oil exploration and production activity has also caused several accidents. On August 31, 2006, a gas leak in Sukowati-5 oil well (Operated by JOB Pertamina Petrochina East Java) released hydrogen sulfide gas to residential areas. At least 16 villagers had to be treated for suffocation because of the gas inhalation.[23]<br />
<br />
The environmental effects of the oil industry have become a concern of Bojonegoro residents. Some villagers claimed the presence of the oil well has not caused any improvement of the local economy and the village. Since the exploration of the Sukowati oil well in an area measuring five hectares in July 2005, the village's land has become drier and harvest significantly reduced.[24] There is also concern that income distribution inequality could cause social unrest, when compounded with the Indonesian notorious reputation of corruption.<br />
[edit] Referencesbojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-86939707509775910692010-08-28T05:40:00.000-07:002010-08-28T05:40:09.844-07:00Thousands flee Bojonegoro floods, one dies<div class="news-post"><h1 class="news-title">Thousands flee Bojonegoro floods, one dies</h1><div class="post-meta">Friday, February 27, 2009 13:39 WIB | National | | Viewed 485 time(s)</div><div class="post-content" style="margin-top: 20px;">Bojonegoro, East Java (ANTARA News) - Floods caused by the the overflowing of the Bengawan Solo river have driven thousands of Bojonegoro residents from their homes, and was believed to have claimed one live.<br />
<br />
One dead body was found by a passerby on a flooded road at Simbatan village, Kanor sub distrct, Kanor Police Chief Adjunct Commissioner Susilo, said here on Friday.<br />
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The victim was identified as Sabin (80), a resident of Prigi village, Kanor. Sabin was believed to have been swept away by floodwaters. <br />
Meanwhile, around 1,200 people from two villages at Dander sub district, have fled to safer areas, according to Bambang Sutrisno, Dander sub district head.<br />
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The flood victims decided to take refuge as the water level of Bengawan Solo floods continued to rise. Thousands of houses were submerged by floodwaters reaching a height of between 1 and 1.5 meter.<br />
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The evacuation started on Thursday by using two rubber boats, Sutrisno said.<br />
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"Today, the evacuation of the flood victims continues," he said.<br />
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They were accommodated in emergency tents set up along Bengawan Solo embankment and Bojonegoro-Padangan roadside, he said.<br />
<br />
Residents of Kalitidu sub district, which was among the worst flood-affected area, have also fled their home to higher ground.<br />
<br />
One rubber boat was prepared to evacuate the flood victims, Nurul Azizah, Kalitidu sub district head, said. <br />
<br />
The floods affected 100 villages including Sukorejo, Ngroworejo, and Karangpacar, at 14 sub districts in Bojonegoro District.<br />
<br />
Some 23 elementary school buildings and one junior high school building were also flooded, preventing around 4,000 students from going to school. <br />
<br />
Some villages at Parengan sub district, Tuban District, East Java, were also inundated, he said.<br />
<br />
Roads connecting Bojonegoro and Jatirogo, Tuban, were submerged by the floodwaters reaching a height of an adult`s knee.<br />
(*)</div></div>bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-57062806978943757172010-08-25T07:30:00.000-07:002010-08-25T07:30:13.710-07:00Benchmark (surveying)Benchmark (surveying)<br />
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />
Jump to: navigation, search<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCJKjq38h2_64IlOk0NjuRGGqMvlpYSNBHqASiGWiu9dkyg8waGrClT5eNVWNfhjNYwbvhugA4uQFuBdPDEj4zy1aQxx_Zek5GejHSqaaqpVJKgafKhKXsq8wZJEnF_7z6KTEOiV69oo/s1600/111px-Bench_mark_at_Saint_Goussaud,_Limousin,_France,_by_Institut_Geographique_National.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCJKjq38h2_64IlOk0NjuRGGqMvlpYSNBHqASiGWiu9dkyg8waGrClT5eNVWNfhjNYwbvhugA4uQFuBdPDEj4zy1aQxx_Zek5GejHSqaaqpVJKgafKhKXsq8wZJEnF_7z6KTEOiV69oo/s320/111px-Bench_mark_at_Saint_Goussaud,_Limousin,_France,_by_Institut_Geographique_National.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwweFWYSgJD-15cdBsNnSDtrMyXxJKyGcV7jUvuhLtYmP7n0g8DT047sog3M8XMFgq__hwvukiLaeUPVAGn_AenDrVfCHfduJAOgcTOUVpdksprcvqqr5yJ7CVH-AERZGduyFZE4_9veU/s1600/120px-USCGS-E134.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwweFWYSgJD-15cdBsNnSDtrMyXxJKyGcV7jUvuhLtYmP7n0g8DT047sog3M8XMFgq__hwvukiLaeUPVAGn_AenDrVfCHfduJAOgcTOUVpdksprcvqqr5yJ7CVH-AERZGduyFZE4_9veU/s320/120px-USCGS-E134.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0NWscbgaFP5E_bhX84EpiDzspvwpQPo2bK_pFQxqcOXAAuuG4Fyplpx8zosC0HUIwBsC3eQxcOQDCwXFpcXQphdPlXwX-zXMBriaDx9AEbcgcoodCjxWwfhBSvVJNe_OiU39648DpAg/s1600/120px-USGSSurveyMarker2000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0NWscbgaFP5E_bhX84EpiDzspvwpQPo2bK_pFQxqcOXAAuuG4Fyplpx8zosC0HUIwBsC3eQxcOQDCwXFpcXQphdPlXwX-zXMBriaDx9AEbcgcoodCjxWwfhBSvVJNe_OiU39648DpAg/s320/120px-USGSSurveyMarker2000.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxe66hTDnkXCSFycq1GvdHHnIeNxAqPoRh5sEtOatUuzmKRJ-MM4hsrgd9V2X43WgDnx5SLYdNVei4XZf1Pin9z70ABMS4es3Og5n0bXi1bZctsHjKsdeWAtl5SqGrLCeJMgFogaqSIbo/s1600/180px-Flush_bracket_G4863.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxe66hTDnkXCSFycq1GvdHHnIeNxAqPoRh5sEtOatUuzmKRJ-MM4hsrgd9V2X43WgDnx5SLYdNVei4XZf1Pin9z70ABMS4es3Og5n0bXi1bZctsHjKsdeWAtl5SqGrLCeJMgFogaqSIbo/s320/180px-Flush_bracket_G4863.jpg" /></a></div>An Ordnance Survey cut mark in the UK<br />
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This article is about the use of bench marks in surveying, for other uses see Benchmark.<br />
<br />
The term benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle-iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately repositioned in the same place in future. These marks were usually indicated with a chiseled arrow below the horizontal line.<br />
<br />
The height of a benchmark is calculated relative to the heights of nearby benchmarks in a network extending from a fundamental benchmark, a point with a precisely known relationship to the level datum of the area, typically mean sea level. The position and height of each benchmark is shown on large-scale maps.<br />
<br />
The terms "height" and "elevation" are often used interchangeably, but in many jurisdictions they have specific meanings; "height" commonly refers to a local or relative difference in the vertical (such as the height of a building), whereas "elevation" refers to the difference from a nominated reference surface (such as sea-level, or a mathematical/geodetic concept known as the geoid).<br />
Contents<br />
[hide]<br />
<br />
* 1 Other types of survey marks<br />
* 2 Agencies responsible for benchmarks<br />
* 3 Image gallery<br />
* 4 See also<br />
* 5 External links<br />
<br />
[edit] Other types of survey marks<br />
An Ordnance Survey flush bracket<br />
<br />
Triangulation points, also known as trig points, are marks with a precisely established horizontal position. These points may be marked by disks similar to benchmark disks, but set horizontally, and are also sometimes used as elevation benchmarks. Prominent features on buildings such as the tip of a church spire or a chimney stack are also used as reference points for triangulation. In the United Kingdom, triangulation points are often set in large concrete markers, which as well as functioning as a triangulation point, have a benchmark set into the side. With the increasing use of GPS and electronic distance measuring devices, the same techniques and equipment are used to fix the horizontal and vertical position of a survey marker at the same moment, and therefore the marks are usually regarded as "fixed in three dimensions".<br />
[edit] Agencies responsible for benchmarks<br />
<br />
Benchmarks are typically placed ("monumented") by a government agency or private survey firm, and many governments maintain a register of these marks so that the records are available to all. These records are usually in the form of a geographically searchable database (computer or map-based), with links to sketches, diagrams, photos of the marks, and any other technical details. END.<br />
<br />
Government agencies that place and maintain records of benchmarks include:<br />
<br />
* Canada<br />
o Natural Resources Canada Geodetic Survey Division (History of the Geodetic Survey Division)<br />
* France<br />
o Institut Géographique National (IGN on Wiki FR)<br />
* Italy<br />
o Istituto Geografico Militare - Servizio Geodetico<br />
* Japan<br />
o Geographical Survey Institute (GSI)<br />
* New Zealand<br />
o Land Information New Zealand<br />
* Spain<br />
o Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN)<br />
* United Kingdom<br />
o Ordnance Survey<br />
* United States<br />
o The National Geodetic Survey (NGS; formerly U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey)<br />
o The United States Geological Survey (USGS)<br />
o The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-23919616315588555372010-08-25T07:22:00.000-07:002010-08-25T07:22:21.435-07:00New Sembayat Barrage Sudah Disetujui Menteri PULAMONGAN - Rencana pembangunan Bendung Gerak Sembayat atau New Sembayat Barrage ternyata sudah mendapat lampu hijau dari Departemen Pekerjaan Umum (PU) untuk dibangun. Kepastian itu kemarin (Selasa, 30/03) disampaikan Menteri PU Djoko Kirmanto saat melakukan kunjungan di Bendung Gerak Babat atau Babat Barrage di Kecamatan Babat/ Lamongan.<br />
<br />
Selain meninjau Babat Barrage, Djoko Kirmanto sebelumnya juga melihat kondisi Flood Way Pelangwot di Kecamatan Laren. Dalam kunjungannya tersebut dia ditemani Dirjen Penataan Ruang Departemen PU Imam S Ernawi dan Kepala Balai Besar Wilyah Sungai Bengawan Solo (BBWSBS) Graita Sutadi. Sementara Bupati Lamongan Masfuk bersama sejumlah Kepala Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) terlihat menyambut kunjungan Djoko Kirmanto saat di Babat Barrage.<br />
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“Berdasar kajian di Departemen PU, kami menganggap bahwa New Sembayat Barrage ini penting, sehingga harus dibangun. Saat ini rencana pembangunan New Sembayat Barrage telah dirancang untuk masuk Blue Book dari Bappenas. Untuk kemudian jika sudah disetuju akan dicarikan sumber pendanaannya dari bantuan luar negeri, “ ungkap Djoko Kirmanto sambil menyebut pembangunan New Sembayat nantinya diestimasi akan menelan anggaran sekitar Rp 800 miliar.<br />
<br />
Disampaikannya, setelah Babat Barrage selesai dibangun 2004 lalu, intrusi laut bisa dicegah di wilayah up stream seperti Bojonegoro. Sementara solusi untuk mencegah intrusi di wilayah down stream seperti Lamongan nantinya bisa teratasi dengan New Sembayat Barrage.<br />
<br />
Djoko menyebutkan kunjungannya ke Lamongan juga untuk melihat selesainya proses pengerukan Lumpur di Flood Way Pelangwot dan mulai dibangunnya Rawa Jabung Ring Daek. “Sekitar 1,4 juta kubik endapan lumpur sudah diangkat dari Flood Way Pelangwot. Sehingga sekarang ada pengurangan potensi banjir. Terbukti banjir yang terjadi di Bojonegoro tahun ini tidak berlangsung lama karena air Sungai Bengawan Solo cepat dibuang ke laut melalui sudetan Pelangwot, “ ujarnya.<br />
<br />
Dia kemudian mengungkapkan sejumlah proyek di sepanjang Sungai Bengawan Solo yang kini mulai dikerjakan. Seperti pembangunan Bojonegoro Barrage yang sudah on going dan pembangunan Rawa Jabung Ring Daek yang akan segera dimulai. Termasuk diantaranya pembangunan Tanggul Kanor/Bojonegoro. Pemkab Lamongan sendiri telah menyelesaikan proses pembebasan lahan untuk proyek Rawa Jabung sekityar 30 hektar. “Dengan dikerjakannya sejumlah bangunan ini banjir akan berkurang dan lebih bisa dikendalikan, “ kata dia.<br />
<br />
Masfuk kepada Djoko Kirmanto menyatakan bahwa jatah Lamongan untuk membebaskan lahan seluas 10 hektar guna pembangunan New Sembayat Barrage sudah dimulai. Sedangkan sisanya sekitar 64 hekter menjadi jatah Pemkab Gresik untuk dibebaskan. “Jika New Sembayat Barrage ini terealisasi akan tersedia tandon air sepanjang sekitar 67 kilometer. Sehingga petani Lamongan yang produksi padinya tertinggi di Jatim nanti bisa panen hinga tiga kali setahun. Bukan hanya itu, kebutuhan air untuk industri baik di Gresik maupun Lamongan akan tercukupi dari tandon air Sungai Bengawan Solo, “ urai dia kepada Djoko Kirmanto.(ahp)http://lamongan-news.blogspot.combojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-62183996646300700732010-08-25T07:21:00.000-07:002010-08-25T07:21:01.462-07:00BenchmarkBenchmark<br />
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />
Jump to: navigation, search<br />
Look up benchmark in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.<br />
<br />
The term benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made, into which an angle-iron could be placed to bracket ("bench") a leveling rod, thus ensuring that the levelling rod can be repositioned in exactly the same place in the future.[citation needed]<br />
<br />
Benchmark may refer to:<br />
[edit] Geology<br />
<br />
* Benchmark (surveying), a point of reference for a measurement<br />
* Benchmark (crude oil), a reference for and discussion of cost and/or pricing of petroleum, such as Brent Crude and West Texas Intermediate in terms of benchmarks based on classification differences.<br />
* Benchmarking (geolocating), a sport similar to geocaching in which participants individually go out and find benchmarks<br />
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[edit] Other uses<br />
<br />
* Benchmark (computing), the result of running a computer program, or a set of programs, in order to assess the relative performance of an object by running a number of standard tests and trials against it<br />
* Benchmarking, the process used in management in which organizations evaluate various aspects of their processes in relation to the best practice, usually within their own sector<br />
* Benchmark Capital, a venture capital firm behind various startups, such as (and including) eBay.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-48872707983727526012010-08-23T07:48:00.000-07:002010-08-23T07:48:59.646-07:00surveying equipment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEnYWkzNAsFy6yxh0S3QUb1bkMSdFH3zp-QqgFwSCaQry6U9UMmLdkzsLs0JTD53XEnPQ-1CHxqLKNigZtMSSgVlFbuVo4Ho-PPyd9eHpPzZTJI5RN18gitBK14MA4iugS3HOwH6jXVTI/s1600/sokkia.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEnYWkzNAsFy6yxh0S3QUb1bkMSdFH3zp-QqgFwSCaQry6U9UMmLdkzsLs0JTD53XEnPQ-1CHxqLKNigZtMSSgVlFbuVo4Ho-PPyd9eHpPzZTJI5RN18gitBK14MA4iugS3HOwH6jXVTI/s320/sokkia.bmp" /></a></div>product sokkiabojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-3231129938784642722010-08-23T07:32:00.001-07:002010-08-23T07:32:24.388-07:00Optimal Barrage Design based on Subsurface Flow Considerations<h1>Optimal Barrage Design based on Subsurface Flow Considerations</h1><h3> J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg. Volume 128, Issue 4, pp. 253-263 (July/August 2002) </h3>A barrage, a structure across a river to divert flow into a man-made channel, is designed to satisfy surface and subsurface flow considerations. There is, however, no procedure to fix the basic barrage parameters, which are depth of sheet piles/cutoffs and the length and thickness of floor, in a cost-effective manner. A method for minimizing the cost of a barrage using an optimization technique is presented in this paper. The applicability of the approach has been illustrated with two examples indicating it's suitability to evolve a cost-effective design. A parametric analysis has also been carried out to gain insight into the effects of various parameters on the optimal design barrage.<br />
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©2002 American Society of Civil Engineersbojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-46228112052808124822010-08-23T07:27:00.001-07:002010-08-23T07:27:27.136-07:00Survey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaQuantitative research<br />
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* Statistical survey, a method for collecting quantitative information about items in a population<br />
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[edit] Geography<br />
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* Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth<br />
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* Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes<br />
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* Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System<br />
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[edit] Earth Sciences<br />
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* Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model<br />
* Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies<br />
* Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area<br />
* Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels<br />
* Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey<br />
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[edit] Construction and Mining<br />
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* Construction surveying Locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines and tunnels<br />
* Deviation survey, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical<br />
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[edit] Archaeology<br />
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* Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation<br />
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[edit] Astronomy<br />
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* Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky<br />
* Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy<br />
* Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth<br />
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[edit] Academia<br />
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* Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research<br />
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[edit] Organizations<br />
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* The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories<br />
* The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying<br />
* The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India<br />
* The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass<br />
* The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain<br />
* The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom<br />
* The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States<br />
* The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commercebojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8895388498295423871.post-43421609385067917392010-08-22T03:32:00.001-07:002010-08-22T03:32:57.419-07:00Barrage (artillery)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNh_JngwZmDeGFF0qMB6ujaBudQzvSnKpxNxHRPY4RKUghQLs5edDoUGmsv80oeEDYYyiZ-G9TD1W-Y_tb0LcRLN9BSdP6cfeKA4ReOPcYGSsDvJk8nIr_HZQc4dGGeofqL3niDPNWIVY/s1600/400px-German_Barrage_Fire_at_Night_(Ypres).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNh_JngwZmDeGFF0qMB6ujaBudQzvSnKpxNxHRPY4RKUghQLs5edDoUGmsv80oeEDYYyiZ-G9TD1W-Y_tb0LcRLN9BSdP6cfeKA4ReOPcYGSsDvJk8nIr_HZQc4dGGeofqL3niDPNWIVY/s320/400px-German_Barrage_Fire_at_Night_(Ypres).jpg" /></a></div>Barrage (artillery)<br />
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A German barrage falling on Allied trenches at Ypres, probably during the second battle in 1915.<br />
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A barrage is a line or barrier of exploding artillery shells, created by the co-ordinated aiming of a large number of guns firing continuously. Its purpose is to deny or hamper enemy passage through the line of the barrage, to attack a linear position such as a line of trenches or (as a creeping or rolling barrage) to neutralize the enemy in the path of an advance by friendly troops. It contrasts with a concentration, in which all the guns aim at the same small area.<br />
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The barrage was developed in World War I, and by late 1916 the creeping barrage was the standard means of deploying artillery to support an infantry attack, with the infantry following the advancing barrage as closely as possible. Its employment in this way recognised the importance of artillery fire in neutralising, rather than destroying, the enemy. It was found that a creeping barrage immediately followed by the infantry assault could be far more effective than weeks of preliminary bombardment.<br />
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Barrages remained in use in World War II and later, but only as one of a variety of artillery tactics made possible by improvements in predicted fire, target location and communications.Development of the creeping barrage<br />
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The barrage was developed during World War I. Until 1914-15, artillery usually fired over open sights at visible targets, and the largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the regiment or brigade, of up to about 25 guns. Trench warfare led to a necessity for indirect firing through the use of observers, more sophisticated artillery fire plans and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery. Gunners had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns. Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was co-ordinated with others to form a pattern; in the case of a barrage, the pattern was a line. The term “barrage” was first used in English in the orders for the battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915.[1]<br />
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A lifting barrage was a development in which the barrage lifted periodically to a target further back, such as a second line of trenches. This was countered by the defenders infiltrating troops and machine guns into no-man's land or the areas between their own trench lines, so it was found necessary to comb the entire area of the advance with artillery fire. A creeping barrage (also called a walking barrage[2]) was a barrage that lifted in small increments, perhaps 50 yards, so that it moved forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry.[3]<br />
[edit] Rolling barrage<br />
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A rolling barrage was more sophisticated still, with two or more curtains of fire, one behind the other, so that when the batteries firing the rearmost pattern ceased fire to lift the barrage, there was no pause or gap in the barrage. Those batteries lifted their fire to become the forward edge of the barrage, and the pattern was repeated to keep the barrage rolling forward without ever ceasing.[4]<br />
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Initially the lifts of the creeping barrage were pre-programmed; that gave rise to problems when the infantry attack did not keep up with the barrage, or was slowed down by it. By the end of World War I the technique of a creeping barrage had been perfected and could be made to move in complicated ways, with the barrage wheeling or even combing back and forth across the same ground to catch the defenders re-emerging after the barrage had passed,[5] but it was still governed by a timetable. By World War II, as techniques and communications improved, the barrage lifts could be ordered by forward observers or by the infantry themselves. The British developed the "quick barrage", a standardised barrage pattern that could be ordered by radio without advance plotting of the fireplan on a map.[6]<br />
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Up to 10% were expected to be killed or wounded by short-falling shells when it was first used.<br />
[edit] Standing and box barrages<br />
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A standing barrage was static. A standing barrage might be defensive, to inhibit the movement of enemy troops and break up attacks. A creeping barrage could be made to stand on a static line for a time before it moved on, perhaps waiting for the infantry to form up behind it, or to catch up, or perhaps it would stand on the line of known enemy defences, to do more damage and sap enemy morale. The fireplan for the Battle of Messines on 17 June 1917 called for most of the 18-pounder field guns to fire a creeping barrage of shrapnel immediately ahead of the advance, while the other field guns and 4.5 inch howitzers fired a standing barrage some 700 yards (640 m) further ahead. The standing barrage was aligned with known German positions, and lifted to the next target when the advance reached within 400 yards (370 m) of it. As each objective was taken by the infantry, the creeping barrage would pause 150 to 300 yards (140 to 270 m) ahead of them and become a standing barrage, protecting the newly-gained positions from counterattack while the infantry consolidated. During this time the pace of fire slackened to one round per gun a minute, enabling the guns and the crews a respite, before resuming full intensity as the barrage moved on. The heavy and super-heavy artillery fired on German rear areas, and over 700 machine guns participated in the barrage plan using indirect fire over the heads of their own troops.[7]<br />
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In a box barrage three or four barrages formed a box—or more often three sides of a box—around a position to isolate it. Standing or box barrages were often used for Defensive Fire tasks, in which the barrage was pre-registered in a position agreed with the defending infantry commander, to be called down in the event of an enemy attack on his positions. A box barrage could also be used to prevent the enemy from reinforcing a position to be attacked. In a trench raid of March 1917, 1st Battalion the Buffs were supported first by a creeping barrage, then by a box barrage once they were in the enemy trenches, to prevent German reinforcement or counterattack, plus dummy bombardments on other sections of the line to confuse the enemy.[8]<br />
[edit] Advantages and drawbacks<br />
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It was soon appreciated how important it was for the attacking troops to follow the barrage closely (leaning on the barrage), without allowing time for the defenders to recover from the shock of bombardment and emerge from their dug-outs; the French reckoned they should be suffering 10% of their casualties from their own artillery if they were close enough to the barrage.[9] Ideally the attackers should be into the enemy positions before the defenders have time to recover their composure after the terror of an intense bombardment, emerge from shelters and man their firing positions. On the first day of the Somme, and in the later French Nivelle Offensive on the Chemin des Dames, the barrage outpaced the infantry, allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their dug-outs, with disastrous results for the attackers.[10] By the end of World War I it was realised that the important effect of the barrage was to demoralise and suppress the enemy, rather than physical destruction; a short, intense bombardment immediately followed by infantry assault was more effective than the weeks of grinding bombardment used in 1916.<br />
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A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise, with the guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off. It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitered, as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance.[11] On the other hand it was wasteful of ammunition and guns, as much of the fire would inevitably fall on ground containing no enemy.<br />
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The World War I barrage with programmed lifts had the effect of confining the infantry advance to the artillery schedule, and of requiring the use of linear tactics, restricting infantry manoeuvre. Infiltration tactics later proved more effective than advancing in rigid lines, and the infiltration phase of German stormtrooper attacks could not use a creeping barrage; but the opening phase of Operation Michael was still supported by a massive creeping barrage, containing a heavy mix of gas shells.[12] The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics, such as reliance on the infantry's own firepower to support its movement, were sometimes forgotten.[13]<br />
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In the featureless Western Desert in World War II, one benefit of the barrage was that it enabled the infantry to conform their line to the barrage, ensuring that their line of advance was correct.[14]<br />
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By 1943 the barrage was considered to dissipate firepower and to constrain the infantry into advancing in rigid lines.[15]<br />
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A barrage could severely churn up the ground, especially in soft going, and impede the progress of the attacking troops.[16]<br />
[edit] World War I<br />
Men of the Australian Heavy Artillery capping 8 inch shells with '106' (instantaneous) fuses.<br />
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A creeping barrage was first used in a small section of the line at the battle of Loos, but the infantry did not advance behind it. The first day of the battle of the Somme saw the first attempt at a large-scale creeping barrage which had been planned in anticipation of the infantry's anticipated ability to advance relatively unmolested across the battlefield due to a heavy, week long preparatory bombardment. For example, on XV Corps front, the barrage was programmed to lift 50 yards (46 m) every minute. Complications arose however in British protocols to prevent friendly-fire casualties which at the time dictated that shellfire was to be kept over one hundred yards away from their own uncovered infantry. In many cases no-man's land was narrower than the allowable 'safe' distance and as such the barrage did not protect the men as they went 'over the top' and advanced towards the German trenches. Further, as the British infantry was slowed far beyond the expected pace of advance across no-man's land, all along the Somme front it proved impossible for the infantry to keep up with the pace of the barrage.[17]<br />
However, the tactic was further refined as the Battle of the Somme wore on and by September 1916 the creeping barrage became a standard tactic for infantry attacks, and soon spread to the French army, enabling the French recapture of Fort Vaux at Verdun in November 1916. By the later stages of the Battle of the Somme, the British had improved the accuracy of and confidence in their artillery fire and had learned the lessons of keeping infantry close to the barrage: the BEF circulated an aerial observer's report commending a "most perfect wall of fire" followed up within 50 yards (46 m) by the infantry of 50th Division, enabling them to take a village with little opposition. A report said "Experience has shown that it is far better to risk a few casualties from an occasional short round from our own artillery than to suffer the many casualties which occur when the bombardment is not closely followed up".[18]<br />
Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at the First Battle of Passchendaele.<br />
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At first, British creeping barrages consisted only of shrapnel shells, but an equal mix of HE was soon added, in some cases later supplemented by smoke shells. The creeping barrage would advance at a rate of 100 yards every one to six minutes, depending on terrain and conditions; although six minutes was found to be too slow.[19] By the Battle of Arras in 1917 the creeping barrage was huge and complex, with five or six lines of fire covering a depth of 2,000 yards (1,800 m) ahead of the infantry. Predicted fire was used, so that the barrage opened without preliminary target registration shots. Back barrages were fired, in which rearmost lines of the barrage reversed direction, and machine gun barrages were introduced. False barrages attempted to deceive the enemy about Allied intentions or to force him to reveal his positions.[20]<br />
The creeping barrage was used to great effect in the Canadian success at Vimy Ridge where the men had been extensively trained to move forward in the 'Vimy Glide' - a 100 yd per three minute pace which kept the infantry directly behind the barrage.[21]<br />
The opening attack of the Battle of Passchendaele was covered by a barrage of shrapnel and HE on a collossal scale, fired by over 3,000 British guns and howitzers: one 18-pounder for every 15 yards (14 m) of front, and a heavy howitzer for every 50 yards (46 m), with yet more guns in the French sector. The British barrage advanced 100 yards (91 m) every four minutes, with the infantry following as close as 50 yards (46 m) from the bursting shells. One battery's programme required 45 lifts. As each objective was reached, the barrage settled 500 yards (460 m) beyond the new position, combing back and forth to disrupt expected German counter-attacks, while some of the artillery moved forward to support the next phase of the advance.[22]<br />
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On the Eastern Front, German Colonel Georg Bruchmüller developed a form of double creeping barrage, with the first line of the barrage consisting of gas shells. His ideas were applied on the Western Front in the Spring Offensive of 1918.[23]<br />
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The day of the lengthy large-scale preliminary barrage had largely passed by the end of World War I, at least in Western nations, with the realisation that best results were achieved by neutralising the enemy rather than attempting his physical destruction, and that short, concentrated bombardments, including creeping barrages, were more effective in neutralising the enemy than extended bombardment. Once open warfare returned after the breaking of the Hindenburg Line in September 1918 the British fired far fewer creeping barrages, using more lifts and concentrations instead.[24]<br />
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Attacks by tanks do not need the same form of artillery support, and the single barrage along the entire front of the advance had even been abandoned by the battle of Cambrai in 1917. More sophisticated fire control enabled infantry to call down artillery fire in direct support, or targeting of identified enemy positions.[25] Nevertheless, barrages remained in use. On 31 August 1918 the attack of the US 32nd Division was preceded by a walking barrage. After first passing over the German line, the barrage returned twice more, attempting to catch the defenders returning to their firing positions from their dugouts, or to keep them underground when the real assault went in.[26]<br />
[edit] World War II<br />
<br />
The barrage remained in use in World War II, but was no longer the dominant artillery plan. In the absence of the huge set-piece infantry assaults of World War I, barrages were on a smaller scale. For the opening of the battle of El Alamein, for example, a barrage was considered by Montgomery's planners, but rejected in favour of fierce concentrations on known or suspected targets in turn. Along a 12,000 yard front, 456 guns were considered insufficient for a true creeping barrage (at Neuve Chapelle there had been one gun for every four yards of front).[14] But creeping and rolling barrages were used in some divisional sectors and in later phases of the Alamein battle. For Operation Supercharge on 1–2 November 1942, the attack in the 2nd New Zealand Division sector was preceded by a creeping barrage of 192 guns along a 4,000 yard front, firing on three lines. There was almost one 25-pounder for every 20 yards of front, plus two medium regiments thickening the barrage.[27]<br />
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While artillery tactics had been subjected to considerable evolution between the Wars, the British Gunnery School at Larkhill developed the most significant techniques for rapidly controlling and coordinating artillery fire. The impact of this was first felt in the Western Desert campaign. In World War I it had become essential to plot the location of all guns accurately, but the British would now survey in all their guns to one reference point; that made it possible for every artillery piece within range to join a fireplan in a very few minutes (provided they were in communications), rather than over several hours or days.<br />
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By the fighting in Tunisia, more guns were available and the defenders were more concentrated than in the Western Desert. The artillery plan for the British attack at Wadi Akarit in April 1943 involved no less than eight barrages in three phases ahead of the advances of 50th and 51st Divisions. They included a standing barrage to mark the start line in the dark and enable the infantry to form up in the right alignment; a barrage that wheeled left during the advance; and an on-call creeping barrage. Nevertheless, attacks rarely relied solely on a barrage for artillery support: at Wadi Akarit pre-arranged concentrations on likely targets were called down by observers in the course of the assault.[28]<br />
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Nevertheless, it remained in use in the Italian Campaign. In the assault on the Hitler Line on 23 May 1944, 810 guns were amassed for the attack of I Canadian Corps. Three hundred of them fired on the first line of a 3,200 yard wide barrage, beginning three minutes before the infantry moved off and lifting at a rate of 100 yards in five minutes. It was due to pause for an hour at the first objective, then lift at 100 yards per three minutes to the further objectives, but the timing was disrupted by heavy resistance and defensive artillery fire. The operation was later criticised for concentrating on too narrow a front, constrained by the need for enough guns to produce a dense barrage.[29]<br />
British 4.5 inch gun in action near Tilly-sur-Seulles, Normandy, 1944.<br />
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In the assault crossing of the Senio in 1945, dummy barrages were used to confuse the enemy, either misleading them as to the line of attack or drawing them out of shelters as the barrage passed, expecting an infantry assault, only to catch them with a renewed barrage or air attacks. On Monte Sole, US artillery fired probably its heaviest barrage of the war, 75,000 shells in a half hour to clear the advance of the South Africans.[30]<br />
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In Normandy, a creeping barrage fired from 344 guns preceded the opening attacks of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in Operation Epsom on 26 June 1944.[31]<br />
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For the opening of Operation Veritable, the push to the Rhine, the fire of 1,050 field and heavy guns was supplemented by 850 barrels of pepper-pot barrage: other weapons – mortars, machine guns, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and rockets – supplementing the field guns. The true barrage of the British XXX Corps began at 09.20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure high explosive and began to roll forward. A 300 yard lift was made every 12 minutes, the lifts being signalled to the infantry by yellow smoke shells, and the barrage paused for ½ hour at each defensive line. 2,500 shells were fired per km2 per hour until the barrage stopped at 16.30.[32]<br />
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The barrage remained in Soviet doctrine in World War II, where the creeping barrage by massed guns was the standard accompaniment to an infantry assault. The Soviet artillery lacked the sophisticated communications nets necessary for more subtle tactics, but had plenty of guns. Some 7,000 guns and mortars were massed for the counterattack at Stalingrad, and huge bombardments remained standard for the rest of the war.[33]<br />
[edit] Korean War and after<br />
Illustration of a complex walking barrage, used during defence of Khe Sanh, Vietnam.<br />
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The barrage continued in use into the Korean War. At the Battle of Pork Chop Hill, UN forces employed on-call, pre-registered defensive fires called flash fire to defend its outposts, in which artillery laid down a box barrage in a horseshoe-shaped pattern around the outpost. It was still in use in the Vietnam War.<br />
<br />
In the 1982 Falklands War, the assault of 42 Commando Royal Marines on Mount Harriet was preceded by an accurate walking barrage from supporting artillery, firing some 100 metres ahead of the advancing Marines. Later phases of the attack used a pepperpot barrage, including Milan anti-tank missiles.[34]<br />
[edit] Use and misuse of the word<br />
<br />
The word barrage, imported from the French for "barrier" around 1915, denotes a particular artillery tactic, and has a very specific meaning in military circles.<br />
<br />
Barrage is frequently misused to describe any form of artillery fire of more than one round: On April 29, 2007, Reuters reported “US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad”,[35] but instead of the mass destruction and casualties one would expect from a barrage in a residential area, it appears that about 24 rounds were fired, probably against point targets. Even military historians use it in a non-technical sense, referring to any intense artillery fire.<br />
<br />
The word has entered the general language, meaning any intense sequence of words or missiles – such as a barrage of questions.bojonegoro-barragehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14419698425673144533noreply@blogger.com0